Module – VI
Fourier Analysis and Its
Applications
A sine wave
a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler signals.
A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine
waves.
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A non-sinusoidal or composite periodic signal
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Example of periodic composite signal: Output voltage and current of an
inverter
+
-
Van waveform, when the turn-off devices 1 and 4 only conduct.
+ve half cycle
- ve half cycle
The power electronic switches are turned ON and OFF at fundamental or
high frequency to obtain alternating signal. The output of an inverter is a
square signal.
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Three phase six-pulse inverter
A non-sinusoidal signal can be decomposed into various frequency
sinusoidal signals.
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Six-pulse inverter output voltage waveform
When the number of levels (steps) increases, the waveform is near to the
sinusoidal form with less harnomics. [Link] levels (steps) can be increased
by combining two or more six-pulse inverters.
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Harmonics lead to power loss
60 Hz and degrade the performance
of the system.
3*60 Hz Add Scope
5*60 Hz
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
An inverter comprising power electronic switches can not give a
sinusoidal voltage and current.
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Fourier Analysis
Fourier analysis is a tool that changes a
time domain signal to a frequency
domain signal and vice versa.
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Fourier Series
Every composite periodic signal can be
represented with a series of sine and cosine
functions.
The functions are integral harmonics of the
fundamental frequency “f” of the composite signal.
Using the series we can decompose any periodic
signal into its harmonics.
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Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform gives the frequency
domain signal of a nonperiodic time domain
signal.
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Time domain
Frequency domain
A time varying signal is represented by its magnitude and phase in
frequency domain.
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TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
A periodic function f (t) satisfies
where n is an integer and T is the period of the function. At any point,
the values of signal at the interval of one time period are same.
According to the Fourier theorem, any practical periodic
function of frequency ω0 can be expressed as an infinite sum of
sine or cosine functions that are integral multiples of ω0. Thus, f
(t) can be expressed as
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The Fourier series of a periodic function f(t) is a representation
that resolves f(t) into a dc component and an ac component comprising
an infinite series of harmonic sinusoids.
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where ω0 = 2π/T is called the fundamental frequency in radians per
second. The sinusoid sin nω0t or cos nω0t is called the nth harmonic of f
(t); it is an odd harmonic if n is odd and an even harmonic if n is even.
Equation is called the trigonometric Fourier series of f(t). The
constants an and bn are the Fourier coefficients. The coefficient a0 is
the dc component or the average value of f(t).
The harmonic frequency ωn is an integral multiple of the fundamental
frequency ω0, i.e., ωn = nω0.
A major task in Fourier series is the determination of the Fourier
coefficients a0, an, and bn. The process of determining the coefficients is
called Fourier analysis.
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The plot of the amplitude An of the harmonics versus nω0 is
called the amplitude spectrum of f(t); the plot of the phase φn versus
nω0 is the phase spectrum of f(t). Both the amplitude and phase
spectra form the frequency spectrum of f(t).
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P.1 Determine the Fourier series of the waveform shown in Fig. Obtain
the amplitude and phase spectra.
Our goal is to obtain the Fourier coefficients a0, an, and bn
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First, we describe the waveform as
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Finally, let us obtain the amplitude and phase spectra for the signal in
Fig.
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P.2 Find the Fourier series of the square wave in Fig. Plot the amplitude
and phase spectra.
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SYMMETRY CONSIDERATIONS
three types of symmetry:
(1) even symmetry, (2) odd symmetry, (3) half-wave symmetry.
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(1)even symmetry
A function f (t) is even if its plot is symmetrical about the vertical axis;
that is,
f (t) = f (−t)
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(2) Odd Symmetry
A function f (t) is said to be odd if its plot is antisymmetrical about the
vertical axis:
f (−t) = −f (t)
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(3) Half-Wave Symmetry
A function is half-wave (odd) symmetric if
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P.3 Determine the Fourier series for the half-wave rectified cosine
function shown in Fig.
This is an even function so that bn = 0. Also, T = 4, ω0 = 2π/T = π/2.
Over a period,
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CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS
Many circuits are driven by nonsinusoidal periodic functions. To
find the steady-state response of a circuit to a nonsinusoidal periodic
excitation requires the application of a Fourier series, ac phasor analysis,
and the superposition principle. The procedure usually involves three
steps.
Steps for Applying Fourier Series:
1. Express the excitation as a Fourier series.
2. Find the response of each term in the Fourier series.
3. Add the individual responses using the superposition principle.
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RMS VALUE OF PERIODIC COMPLEX WAVE
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This shows that in average-power calculation involving periodic
voltage and current, the total average power is the sum of the average
powers in each harmonically related voltage and current.
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P.4
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For AC components
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