Chemical Technology
Module
II
By
11/18/2025 Kanti Kumar Athankar 1
Melting point: 42oC
Boiling Point: 213oC
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
Wet Process Electric furnace Process
1. Concentrated H2SO4 1. Direct conversion
2. HCl leaching 2. Oxidation & hydration of P
3. Blast furnace
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Application of Phosphoric Acid
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Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
Main Reaction
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 + 6H2O H3PO4 + 3(CaSO4. 2H2O)
Side Reaction
CaF2 + H2SO4 + 2H2O 2HF + CaSO4. 2H2O
6HF + SiO2 H2SiF6 + 2H2O
Hexafluorosilicic acid
4HF + SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2
3 SiF4 + H2O 2H2SiF6 + SiO2
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Ammonium Phosphate (NH4H2PO4)
NH3 + H3PO4 NH4H2HPO4 Mono-Ammonium phosphate
NH3 + NH4H2HPO4 (NH4)2HPO4 Di-Ammonium phosphate
NH3 + H2SO4 NH4SO4 Ammonium sulfate
NH3 + NH4SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Di-Ammonium sulfate
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Phosphoric Acid
Courtesy:
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Ammonia-rich off gases pass
Phosphoric Acid through a wet scrubber before
exhausting to the atmosphere
HF absorb,
H2SiF6 dissolve Sedimentation
H3PO4 transferred to Settler
65% Rock
100oC
4-6 hrs.
Ammonium phosphate
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Travelling pan filter
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Calcium Phosphate
Superphosphate Triple Superphosphate
Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + H3PO4
consist 16-20% P2O5 consist 42-50% P2O5
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Chemical Reaction
Superphosphate
Acidulation
[Ca3(PO4)2]3.CaF2 + 7H2SO4 3CaH4(PO4)2.7CaSO4 + 2HF
Separation of SiO2 Impurity
4HF+ SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2O Silicon tetrafluoride
3SiF4 + H2O 2H2SiF6 + SiO2 Hexafluorosilicic acid
H2SiF6 + NaCl + Na2SiF6 + 2HCl Sodium hexafluoro silicate
Triple super phosphate
[Ca3(PO4)2]3.CaF2 + 14H3PO4 10CaH4(PO4)2.7CaSO4 + 2HF
Slightly at high temperature,
below the BP of H3PO4
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[Link]
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Chlor-Alkali Industry
Soda ash: Na2CO3 Non-electrolytic process: Solvay
Process and Leblanc process
Caustic soda: NaOH Electrolytic of brine
Chlorine: Cl2 Electrolytic process
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In the Ernest Solvay process, 15% carbonate by weight present in an aqueous
solution of soda ash. By evaporating the solvent and cooling to 273 K, 80% of the
carbonate is recovered as Na2CO3.10H2O. Soda ash has a 9% solubility by weigh at
273 K. (15 Marks, CO:2)
(a) Quantity of crystals formed.
(b) Amount of solvent evaporated.
Draw the flow chart of DCDA process, explain the manufacturing process and
describe the effect of process variables T and p too.
Flow chart 2
Description 2
Process variable 1 (5 Marks, CO:1)
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Soda ash: Na2CO3
Slovay Process
Raw Material: Brine solution Lime stone Ammonia gas
NaCl Na2CO3 NH3
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Solvay Process: Na2CO3
(a) CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) Na2CaO3 + CaCl2
Reactions
(b) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) H = +43.4 Kcal
(c) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) H = -96.5 Kcal
(d) CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(HO)2(aq) H = -15.9 Kcal
(e) NH3(g) + H2O NH4+ OH- Ammonium hydroxide H = -22.9 Kcal
(f) CO2(g) + OH- HCO3- Bicarbonate ion
(g) CO2(g) + H2O HCO3- + H+
Magma Scale, insoluble in H2O
(h) Na+ + Cl- + NH4+ + HCO3- NH4+Cl-(aq) + NaHCO3↓
(i) 2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) H = +30.7 Kcal
(j) 2NH4Cl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) 2NH3(g) + CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
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H = +30.7 Kcal16
[Link]
[Link]/watch?v
=xoLJhxF1-u4
HCO3- NH4+ OH-
[Link]
[Link]/watch?v=
m2d-Ov9RIM4
CaCl2: Food additives, preservatives, de-icing roads in
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winter, water treatment, dehydrating agent etc.
Solvay Process: Na2CO3
Steps Involved
Step-1: Purification of brine solution with NH3 and CO2 to remove the
impurities as Ca, Mg, Fe etc. separated as precipitate collect as
sludge.
Step-2: Purified brine solution pumped into ammoniation tower
Step-3: NaCl, Owing to the regular supplied of CO2, carbonates are
formed. Cleaning of carbonating tower to get rid off the scale
formation in the inner lining of the tower.
Step-4: Lime stone is heated in lime kiln to get the CO 2 which is
supplied to the carbonating tower.
Step-5: Magma/slurry contain water soluble ammonium chloride ion
and water insoluble sodium bicarbonate ion which further send to
rotary filter.
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Steps Involved (Cont…)
Step-6: Slurry contain solvent i.e. aqueous solution of ammonium
chloride and has precipitate part is sodium bicarbonate. Solvent is
sucked by the inner drum and sodium bicarbonate is deposited on the
outer pipe of the drum. Sodium bicarbonate leaked from the top of the
drum and it is taken to the calciner.
Step-7: Sodium bicarbonate get calcinated (limiting supply of air) not
at very high temperature but it is less than it’s MP and give CO 2(g),
H2O(g) and Sodium carbonate. [Link]
Step-8: Sucked ammonium chloride solution in rotary filter allow to
pass through the pair of ammonia recycling tower where it is steam
distillated and NH3(g) is escaped from the top of the recycling tower
followed by fed to the ammoniation tower.
Step-9: Calcium oxide present in the lime kiln mixed with water gives
calcium hydroxide (milk of lime) which is further taken to the
combined recycling tower and gives NH3 and CaCl2 as an impurity.
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Manufacturing of Caustic Soda and Chlorine
HEX Cl2 ToC↓
Cl2 ToC↓↓↓
Cl2 ToC↓↓
Cl2 ToC↓ [Link]
om/watch?v=M9V5MC
Dehydrating column mH1Gs
Graphite as catalyst
Decomposer column
Hg recycle
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Chemical Technology: PEC-CH504 A U G U S T S E P T E M B E R
Date 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 13 17 18 19 24 25 26 1 2 3 8 14 15 16 17 21 22 TCA %
Students's Name
Aashutosh Kumar Yadav 1 1 4.17
Ankash Gupta 0 0.00
Anshika Singh 1 1 2 8.33
Bhor Rahangdale 1 1 4.17
Gargi Soni 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 83.33
Glory Anand Yedke 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 87.50
Manish Bondre 0 0.00
Mayur Goyal 0 0.00
Narayan Khodre 0 0.00
Rishabh Tiwari 0 0.00
Rishant Goad 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 45.83
Shreyanshi Dubey 0 0.00
Simran Baweja 0 0.00
Taha Sheopurwala 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 29.17
Vishal Patel 0 0.00
Vishal Singh 0 0.00
Rahul S 0 0.00
Usman Mansuri 1 1 1 1 4 16.67
TCE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 24 100.00
TCE: Total class executed
TCA: Total class attended
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