Introduction to PCB
Basic Idea about PCB
•Acronym for Printed Circuit Board.
•In general printed circuit board, or PCB, is
Used to mechanically support and
electrically connect electronic components
•Using conductive pathways, or traces, etched
from copper sheets laminated onto a
non-conductive substrate.
•A PCB is used primarily to create a connection
between components, such as resistors,
integrated circuits, and connectors etc..
What is a PCB
In short a PCB is a flat board made from a
copper clad sheet whose:
Front side – Components side, which contains
slots for placing of variety of components.
Back side -- Track side , printed with
electrically conductive pathways connecting
the components.
WHAT IS A PCB ???
Solution to an Electrical Problem
Insulating Backbone
PCBs consist of two basic parts: a substrate (the board) and printed wires
(the copper traces). Multi-layer boards require substrates that separate
the various layers.
The substrate provides a structure that physically holds the circuit
components and printed wires in place and provides electrical insulation
between conductive parts.
A common type of substrate is FR-4, which is a fiberglass-epoxy
laminate. It is similar to older types of fiberglass boards but is flame
resistant. Substrates are also made from Teflon, ceramics, and special
polymers.
PCB Substrates are specialized materials that do not conduct electric
[Link] this purpose, they serve as a laminated electrical insulator
between circuitry,
Substrate Types
FR-2
This lower grade of substrate is a made of impregnated paper, also called
Phenolic, that is easy to machine over a fiberglass material substrate.
The “FR” refers to the term Flame Resistant. This type of substrate is
usually found on more inexpensive consumer electronics.
FR-4
Fiberglass substrates are made up of a woven fiberglass material and
impregnated with a flame resistant material. The material is rigid and can
also be drilled cut or machined but due to the abrasive nature of the
fiberglass, tungsten carbide tools are needed. An FR-4 is a stronger
substrate compared to an FR-2 and is more resistant to cracking or
breaking and are usually found in higher end electronics.
RF
RF substrates are comprised of low dielectric plastics and used in
printed circuit boards for applications in high power radio
frequencies. Although the substrate has poor mechanical properties
it has exceptional electrical performance properties.
FLEX
Not all circuit boards use rigid core materials.
Some are designed to be very flexible called flex circuits.
Thin and flexible plastics and or films are employed as substrates.
Bending the circuit board to fit a particular space or where
repetitive movement requires a flexible layer.
Advantages of PCB
•Reliability
• Defective PCB can be replaced & can Easily repairable
in Off line mode.
•Repeatability and Consistency
• Many boards of the same circuits can be made with
the same quality.
•Compactness
•Simplifies the construction of the electronic circuits.
•Low cost
Structure of PCB
•Insulating material such as the bakelite,
the epoxy with the copper foil make the
structure of the PCB.
We are going to PCB layout for an electronic
circuit , with the help of Eagle PCB design
software tool.
•For PCB designing task, a designer requires :
• the circuit diagram that he is required to translate
on a PCB.
• The knowledge of components used in the
circuit diagram.
• Dimensions of components used.
• Knowledge & applications of software tool
PCB design Process
1. Drawing the Schematic
• Installation of the PCB Designing Software.
• Create a new Project file & name it.
• Go to schematic editor.
• Choose the frame size according to circuit diagram.
• Select the components in the diagram & place them on the frame.
• Connect the components according to circuit diagram.
• Connect power supply & ground and complete the schematic.
• Check the electrical rule check ( ERC) & make corrections,
if required.
• Take printout of the schematic.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC OF BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT
TRACK LAYOUT OF BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT
2. Designing PCB layout
• Auto designing
• Switch the schematic to Board
• Move the components layout into the rectangular frame.
• Place the components in desired positions.
• Select auto routing option for PCB design
• You will get a PCB design as per the Eagle software tool
for auto designing of PCB.
Manual designing
• Take the circuit diagram in front of you
• Add the board frame
• Create a new Project file & name it.
• Go to layout editor.
• Choose the frame size according to circuit diagram.
• Select the components in the diagram & place them
on the frame.
• Connect the components according to circuit diagram
with layout tracks.
• Conduct design rule check ( DRC) by clicking DRC option
and make corrections, if any.
• Now your PCB is ready.
• You can take a print for your record and send software
• copy to PCB vendor for manufacturing.
PCB Designing
Introduction to Eagle Software
Eagle Software System Requirements
EAGLE is a powerful graphics editor for designing
PC-board layouts and schematics.
In order to run EAGLE , following hardware is required:
• IBM-compatible computer with
• Windows 95/98/ME, Windows NT4/2000/XP
• A hard disk with a min of 50 Mbyte freememory,
• A minimum graphics resolution of 1024 x 768pixels,
and
preferably a 3-button mouse.
What Can EAGLE Freeware do
•The board area is restricted to 100 x 80 mm
(about 3.9 x 3.2 inches).
•Outside this area it is not possible to place packages
•and draw signals.
• Only two layers can be used (no inner layers).
• A schematic can consist of only one single sheet.
Larger layouts and schematics can be printed with
the smaller editions.
•The CAM processor can generate manufacturing
•data as well.
•Setup of EAGLE
•Setup of the software
By Double clicking [Link] ->
• Then Click on Setup
• It takes some time then
•Then the below window will come
• & Click on Next
• Then Click on yes button
•Then Click on Next
Setup starts here…..
After setup complete….
The Last screen is
Finally
•By clicking finish it.
•After that open Eagle Software
•Now you can see the above pop-up window
If You have…..
•If you are having licensee file
• Click Licensee disk
IN OUR CASE
• Start as Freeware
• Now Eagle software window opens….
How to work with Eagle.
Menu Bar
The Control Panel allows various actions to be executed
and settings made through pull-down menus that are explained
below.
File Menu
The File menu contains the following items:
New
Creates a new layout (board), schematic, library.
Open
Opens an existing file of the types mentioned above.
Open recent projects
Lists recently used projects.
Save all
All changed files are saved. The current settings for the project
are saved in the file [Link].
Close project
The project will be closed. Project-specific settings
are saved in the [Link] file of the current project
directory.
Exit
The program is terminated.
View Menu
Refresh
The contents of the tree view are updated.
Sort
The contents of the tree view will be sorted by
name or by type.
In the menu bar, Click on option.
Here you can see “Directories”.
By click on it you can set your directory location.
Left click on project bar, then click on browse,
then set your own project location.
In Left side…
•You see
Library
Design Rules
User Language
Program
Scripts
CAM Jobs
Projects
Expand Library
•See the Details….
•A lot of data of the part is registered on Libraries.
•This library is used when creating a schematic.
•In this case, the library is referred from the
schematic window
Double-click on the Libraries entry.
The library branch opens,
and you can see the available libraries.
In the Description field you can see a brief
description of the contents.
If a library is selected you will see more extensive
information about the library in the right hand part
of the Control Panel.
If you then double-click on a library, the contents
will be displayed together with a short description
Design Rule
•When drawing patterns such as the thickness,
the interval of the line, the size of the part
Installation pad
when making design a pattern automatically.
The above parameters can be set with this menu.
•PROJECT
• In EAGLE, a concept, the project, is used on the occasion of
creating of a pattern.
• The data of the schematic, the pattern (the board),
the work situation and so on is contained in the project.
• When making a pattern, the project must be made first.
• A pattern is made by making a schematic in the project.
• A created project is added to this menu.
So, work changing to the other project is done from this menu.
Software Terminology
There are some terms that are not specific to
PCB design software but are used in the context
of schematic entry.
Footprint — The PCB representation of the
pads, outline, and mounting holes for a
component.
Symbols — The schematic representation of
a component, displaying important input or
output functions.
Block symbol — A symbol representing the
entire package.
Gate symbol — A symbol representing on
one specific portion of a component.
Pins — The symbolic representation of the
physical pins or wires of the component.
Wire — Traces that connect parts
electrically and will be transferred to a
PCB. Wires are usually intelligent items or
have attributes and definitions of
components they are connected to.
Line — A dumb line representing used to
represent external board items, or any
items with no electrical connections.
Bus — A bundle of nets, represented by a
single (wider) line to reduce the number of
lines displayed.
Net — A connection or group of points that
are commonly connected. These
connections have the same voltage but
not always the same current.
Schematic
A line diagram which shows, by means of
graphic symbols, the electrical
connections between different comp.
used in the circuit is referred as
schematic.
Symbol Types
There are several formats of symbols that
may be used, but the two common groups
are the block style and gate style. Figure
in the next slide is a block style, which is a
symbol representing the complete
component.
Also Gate style also represented in the
below figure.
A simple gate
Creating New Schematic
Project Preparing
Create a project
To create project
Click On left side on Projects
Then Click on New project
Now it shows like this….
To Rename the Project by right click on newly
created project (New_Project_1) .
Select Rename but it will not work.
So Before renaming, you have to close the project.
Then only you can change the project name
•For the making new schematic.
•Then right click on project
• select for new Schematic
Clicking on Schematic, Schematic editor
window appears.
Then save the schematic by using save as
*.sch option.
• *.sch is the extension for the schematic
Then you go to Eagle control panel, then click
on view then click refresh.
Now you can see current schematic is added
to your project.
Now we will see the various options available
to you in the schematic window.
In the schematic editor menu bar you can see…..
GRID command:
This icon is available at any time. It is
used to adjust the grid and to select the current unit. In
EAGLE, any value relates to the current unit.
The Action Toolbar:
From the left: Open file, save file, print file, call CAM
Processor, open/create corresponding board file (BOARD
command).
Load, remove, or create a new schematic sheet.
UNDO and REDO:
These commands allow you to cancel previous
commands and to execute commands which have
previously been cancelled.
Function keys: F9 and F10 (default).
Terminates the execution of
EAGLE commands (Edit/Stop command).
Starts the execution of the
active EAGLE command. This is only necessary
if further parameters could be entered by the user.
Side Tool Bar
Rotating the Component
Deleting the
Component Adding the Component
Rename the Modifying the Component value
Component
Connecting Writing the text
wire to the
Component
Checking The
Rules
SCHEMATIC COMMAND TOOLBAR
ADD
Add library elements to the schematic.
A search function helps devices to be
found quickly. USE specifies which
libraries are available.
By this operation, the following part addition
window is displayed.
Display adjustment (Fit, In, Out, Redraw, Select)
Fit : It makes a drawn schematic fit an area in the window.
In : A schematic is magnified by In button being pushed. The
center of the window is magnified.
Out : A schematic is reduced by Out button being pushed.
The center of the window is reduced.
Redraw : A schematic is redrawn. The part of the line
sometimes breaks in case of moving a part or deletion of the
line. In such case, a schematic is beautifully drawn
once more when pushing the Redraw button.
Select : It is magnified by dragging and choosing a wanting
part to do magnification after pushing Select button.
After clicking on Fit
Add the parts (Add)
To add a part to the schematic, click the "ADD"
button which is put on the left side in the schematic
window.
By this operation, the following part addition window
is displayed.
After typing the Component name,
click on ok button to place that component.
And in the schematic editor, By clicking left click,
Component will place there
& to release press Esc button twice.
WIRE
Draw line (this command is called WIRE because it
is used to define electrical connections, i.e. wires, in
the Layout Editor).
The type of line can be changed with CHANGE
STYLE. Clicking the right mouse button changes the
bend mode (SET WIRE_BEND).
WIRE can also be used to draw arcs.
Please note the particularities in combination with
the Ctrl and Shift key in the help function.
Electrical Rule Check (ERC)
After drawing a schematic, it should be
confirmed whether or not there is no mistake
in the circuit connection.
The mistake can be automatically detected by
the ERC (Electrical Rule Check) button.
After placing component with Vcc & Gnd,
make the wire connection using wire icon.
& Make Junction connection .
Now the schematic was
made.
After checking our
circuit using our ERC rule in
Eagle Software.
After no error condition, now our schematic
Is ready.
Other parameters with Schematic
Editor
INFO
Provides information about the object to
be selected.
SHOW
Highlights the object to be selected.
DISPLAY
Select and deselect the layers to be
displayed.
MARK:
The following mouse click defines the new origin for the
coordinate display.
MOVE:
Move any visible object. Right mouse button rotates the object.
COPY
Copy parts and other objects.
MIRROR
Mirror objects.
ROTATE
Rotate objects by 90 degrees (also possible with MOVE).
GROUP
Define a group which can then be moved, rotated, or copied
(with CUT and PASTE) to another drawing.
CHANGE
Change the attributes of an object, e.g. the width of a
line, the package variant or the size of text. See help for
details.
CUT
Transfer the objects of a previously defined group into
the paste buffer.
PASTE
Insert objects from the paste buffer into the drawing.
DELETE
Delete visible objects.
Also in combination with GROUP command. If a group
has been defined, it can be deleted with the right mouse
button.
PINSWAP
Swap two nets connected to equivalent pins of a device,
provided the pins have been defined with the same swap
level.
GATESWAP
Swap two equivalent gates of a device, provided the
gates have been defined with the same swap level. In
EAGLE terminology, a gate is a part of a device which can
be indvidually placed on a schematic (e.g. one transistor
from a transistor array).
NAME
Give names to components, nets, or buses.
VALUE
Provide values for components. Integrated circuits
normally get the type (e.g. 74LS00N) as their value.
SMASH
Separate name and value texts from a device, so
that they can be placed individually.
Keep the Shift key pressed while using the SMASH
command in order to unsmash texts.
MITER
Round off or bevel wire joints (also possible for nets, buses,
polygon contours). The grade of mitering is determined by the
miter radius.
Positive sign results in a rounded joint, negative sign in a
bevel.
SPLIT
Insert an angle into a wire or net.
INVOKE
Fetch a particular gate from a device (e.g. gate D before
gate C). This command allows you also to add a gate from a
device which is located on another sheet.
In such a case, type the name of the device (e.g. IC1)
into the command line after the INVOKE command has
been selected.
TEXT
Placing text. Use CHANGE SIZE to alter the height of
the text. If the text is using a vector font, CHANGE RATIO
will alter the thickness.
CHANGE TEXT is used to alter the text itself. CHANGE
FONT alters the typeface.
You change label texts by assigning a different name to
the bus or to a net by means of the NAME command.
CIRCLE
Draw a circle. Circles with a width of 0 are drawn as
filled circles.
ARC
Draw an arc (also possible with WIRE).
CHANGE CAP FLAT | ROUND defines straight or
rounded ends for arcs.
BUS
Draw a bus line. The meaning of a bus is
more conceptual than physical.
It is only a means to make a schematic
easier to read. Only nets define an
electrical connection. Nets, however, can
be dragged out of a bus.
NET
Draw a net. Nets with the same name
are connected (even if located on different
sheets).
JUNCTION
Place the symbol for a net connection. In
general, junctions are placed automatically, but
nets which cross over can also be joined manually
by the JUNCTION command.
LABEL
Place the name of a bus or net as a label. Labels
cannot be changed with CHANGE TEXT but rather
with the NAME command.
ERC
Perform an Electrical Rule Check and a
consistency check for schematic and board.
Layout Editor
The Layout Editor window opens when you
open an existing board file or create a new
board.
If you own the Schematic Editor you will
normally draw a schematic first and then
generate the board file with the BOARD
command, or by clicking the Board icon.
The layout will save in *.brd file format.
The white space, you are seeing in layout
editor is available for freeware version.
Arrange the Component:
Drag the various elements to the desired
positions.
ROTATE, or a click with the right mouse
button while the MOVE command is active
turns a device through 90 degrees.
You can also change the angle.
Once you have created a board for a schematic, you
should always have both files open when working
with either the schematic or the circuit board layout.
This is important, since it allows Eagle to keep the
consistency between the two. This is called forward-
and back annotation.
If you close either the schematic window or the
board window and modify anything in the other
window, Eagle will be unable to track the changes
you have made, and help you keep the schematic
and PCB consistent.
Notice how all the components from the
schematic have been placed next to a white
frame in the board editor.
The white frame shows the maximum size of a
circuit-board designed with the freeware
version of Eagle. You will need to stay within
these limitations.
The first thing that should be added to the PCB
is the mounting holes. This ensures that you do
not end up having troubles finding room for the
mounting holes because you have routed a lot
of signals in the spot where the hole should be.
The placement in the schematic is not
important. You will see that the mounting
holes appear in the board editor right away.
You should move them to appropriate places
on the board. It is a good idea to align the
mounting holes on some nice metric
positions.
Set the grid while placing the mounting
holes.
Placing components
Now select the move each of the
components and placing them within the
board. Try to rotate the components while
moving them (by right clicking), to untangle
as many of the air-wires as possible.
The air-wires are not automatically updated
when moving the components. To do this you
should use the Ratsnest-command.
When creating a new PCB Eagle adds all
components to the top-side of the circuit board.
Use the mirror-tool to move a component to the
bottom side of the PCB.
This means that any vias (connections between the
top and bottom layer) will need to be connected by
soldering both sides of the circuit board. Therefore
the number of vias should be kept to a minimum.
Routing
When all the components are placed appropriately,
we are ready to start routing the PCB.
This can either be done using the autorouter (select
the auto-command from the toolbar), or using the
manual routing (the route-command).
Use the autorouter with caution. In particular pay
attention to the signals that should be routed on a
particular side of the PCB to make room for the
soldering.
The autorouter can be restricted to work in only one
layer by selecting the other layer as N/A.
By default eagle is generating PCB for two layer
Here you have to select for Top option
N/A
So you can generate bottom layer only.
OPTIMIZE
Joins wire segments in a signal layer which
lie in one straight line.
ROUTE
Route signals manually. Air wires are
converted to wires.
RIPUP
Convert routed wires (tracks) into un-routed
signals (air wires). Change the display of
filled (calculated) polygons to outline view.
CIRCLE
Draw a circle. This command creates restricted
areas for the Autorouter
if used in the layers 41, tRestrict, 42, bRestrict, or
43, vRestrict. Circles with wire width = 0 are drawn
as filled.
VIA
Place a via-hole. Vias are placed automatically if
the layer is changed during the ROUTE command.
You can assign a via to a signal with the NAME
command by changing it’s name to the name of the
signal.
HOLE
Define a mounting hole.
SIGNAL
Manual definition of a signal. This is not
possible if the Forward & Back Annotation is
active.
RATSNEST
Calculate the shortest airwires and the real
mode (filled) display of polygons.
AUTO
Start Auto router.
ERC
Perform consistency check of schematic and
board.
DRC
Define Design Rules and perform Design Rule
Check.
ERRORS
Show errors found by the DRC and clear error
polygons.
For manual routing, select the route-tool. Now click
on an air-wire and Eagle will start routing the
connection. Use right mouse button to change the
bend of the routed signal.
If you need to change the routing layer during
routing (by inserting a via), press the middle
mouse button.
Holding the shift-key while starting the routing
operation allows you to route a signal from
anywhere, not only the end-points of the air-wires.
If you keep the shift-key depressed when ending a
wire, a via will be inserted.
If you need to remove a routed wire, you should not
use the delete-command, since this cannot be back-
annotated by Eagle. Instead, use the ripup-
command.
Note that clicking a single time on a connection rips
up only this segment of the connection, while double
clicking (actually clicking an extra time on the air-
wire will unroute the entire connection.
When routing manually, you switch back and forth
between the route and ripup-tools a lot.
This can be much easier if a couple of key bindings
are set up:
DRC
DRC - Checking the Layout and Correcting Errors
If the DRC finds errors, an error window opens
automatically. This lists all the errors. The window can
be opened at any time by means of the ERRORS
command.
If an error in the list is selected, a line points to the
corresponding location.
The error is marked. Correct the error in the layout.
The DRC error window remains in the foreground.
Clicking on the Del button will delete the selected
error entry. Del all deletes all the error marks from the
layout.
The dialog is ended with Close.
Error messages and their meaning
Angle:
Tracks are not laid in an angle of 0, 45, 90 or 135°. This
check can be switched on or off in the Design Rules (Misc
tab).
Default: off.
Blind Via Ratio:
The limit of the ratio of depth to drill diameter is exceeded.
In this case you have to adjust the via's drill diameter (see
Design Rules, Sizes tab).
Clearance:
Clearance violation between copper elements. The
settings of the Design Rules' Clearance tab and the value for
Clearance of a given net class will be checked.
To deactivate the clearance check between elements that
belong to the same signal, use the value 0 for Same
signals in the Clearance tab.
Off Grid:
The object does not fit onto the currently chosen grid.
This check can be switched on or off in the Design Rules
(Misc tab).
Default: off.
Restrict:
A wire drawn in layer 1, Top, or 16, Bottom, or a via lies in a
restricted area which is defined in layer 41 or 42, t/bRestrict.
Width:
Minimum width violation of a copper object. Defined by
Minimum
Width in the Design Rules (Sizes tab) or, if defined, by the
track parameter Width of a referring net class. Also texts in
signal layers will be checked.
Wire Style:
The wire style of a wire which is connected to a signal is not
Continuous.
After DRC error check, if any errors found
correct those errors.
Then by selecting top in display menu
you can see top.
And by selecting bottom in display
menu, you can see the bottom view of
PCB.
Creating Netlist and part list
You can generate netlist / partlist in schematic
editor or layout editor.
Go to menu bar, click on file then use export
option, then you can find option like Netlist,
partlist, image,……..
By click on net list option netlist will be
generated & save it.
By click on part list option partlist will be
generated & save it.
Both files can view by using notepad
PART LIST
NET LIST
Library editor
The Library Editor window opens when you load a library for
creating or editing components. A library normally has three
different elements: packages, symbols and devices.
• A package is a device’s housing, as will be used in the
Layout Editor (on the board).
• The symbol contains the way in which the device will be
shown in the schematic.
• The device represents the link between one (or more)
symbol (s) and a package.
Here we define the connection between a pin of a
symbol and the referring pad of the package.
How to use library editor
Load or Rename Package, Symbol, or Device
EDIT
Load device or package (if you only have the Layout Editor) for
editing.
From the left: Load device, load package, load symbol. These
icons are shown in the action toolbar.
REMOVE
Delete device/package/symbol from library. Available only
through the Library menu or the command line.
RENAME
Rename device/package/symbol. Available only through the
Library menu or the command line.
Use the add-command to add the require
components. Then use the net-command to draw the
connections.
If any component is not included in the library, then
create a library draw the component.
After making library save with a name in different
location of directories other than Eagle library.
Then add the newly created library to u r Project.
Now We will see how we create a library using for a
non-existing component.
PROCEDURE FOR CREATING A NEWPART
LIST
In the Eagle Control Panel choose File, Then select
New Library option.
This opens the library editor with a new empty library.
Now u have to save this empty library in different
Location. Then click on
By clicking side bar for new symbol
Edit pop up window will come
Here you type
Name of New part
MAX6577
After that you select Dev, Then click on OK.
Warning message will appear.
Select ‘Yes’.
Select for symbol package.
Click on for symbol editing
After clicking Edit window will come type
any name for the symbol, then select ok.
After that warning message occurs.
Select Yes.
SYMBOL EDITOR
Then draw the symbol & add PIN it
accordingly.
Save it.
Click on Package editor.
Then Edit window will come , type name
for the package. Click ok. Then package
editor will come.
Here you draw same as symbol only
difference is instead of PIN you have to
place PAD.
PACKAGE EDITOR
For getting libraries from internet
[Link]
cadsoft/html_public/[Link]&dir=eagle/userfiles/
libraries
Printing the PCB
When you are done routing the PCB, you can print it.
Start by experimenting with the layers that should be printed.
Like the schematic editor, Eagle’s board editor prints
the layers that are currently active.
It is always a good idea to print a copy of all the
normal layers (top, bottom, pads, vias, tOrigins, bOrigins etc.)
on a single sheet of regular paper.
When the PCB is manufactured, a printout of
the component placements (pads, vias, tPlace, tOrigins,
tNames, tValues and tDocu) is a good way of finding out
where the components should be placed.
Print a similar sheet for the corresponding bottom layers.