INTRODUCTION TO THE
COURSE
PROFESSIONAL COURSE – SPECIALIZED 5
(Prestressed Concrete Design)
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Reinforced concrete is the most widely
used structural material of the 20th century.
Because the tensile strength of concrete is
low, steel bars are embedded in the concrete to
carry all internal tensile forces.
Tensile forces may be caused by:
• imposed loads or
• deformations, or
• by load-independent effects such as
temperature changes or shrinkage.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
On a cracked cross-section, the applied moment
is resisted by compression in the concrete above the
crack and tension in the bonded reinforcing steel.
Although the steel reinforcement provides the cracked
concrete beam with flexural strength, it does not prevent
cracking and does not prevent the
loss of stiffness caused by cracking.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
- Crack widths are approximately proportional to the
strain, and hence stress, in the reinforcement.
- Steel stresses must therefore be limited to some
appropriately low value in order to
avoid excessively wide cracks.
- Similarly, large steel strains the result of large
curvature, which in turn is associated with large deflection.
- by using higher strength steel or concrete, since in order to
satisfy serviceability requirements, the increased strain
capacity afforded by higher strength steel cannot be
utilize.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Prestressed concrete are those in
which cracking and tensile forces are greatly
reduced or eliminated by the imposition of
internal stress that are of opposite character
to those that will be caused by the service
or work loads.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Prestressed concrete is a particular
form of reinforced concrete. Prestressing
involves the application of an initial
compressive load on a structure to reduce or
eliminate the internal tensile forces and
thereby control or eliminate cracking.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
The initial compressive load is imposed
and sustained by highly tensioned steel
reinforcement reacting on the concrete. With
cracking reduced or eliminated, a
prestressed section is considerably stiffer
than the equivalent (usually cracked)
reinforced section.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
METHODS OF PRESTRESSING
As mentioned in the previous section, prestress
is usually imparted to a concrete member by highly
tensioned steel reinforcement (wire, strand, or bar)
reacting on the concrete. The high-strength
prestressing steel is most often tensioned using
hydraulic jacks. The tensioning operation may occur
before or after the concrete is cast and, accordingly,
prestressed members are classified after
pretensioned or post-tensioned.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
PRETENSIONED CONCRETE
Figure 1.3 illustrates the procedure
for pre-tensioning a concrete member.
The prestressing tendons are initially
tensioned between fixed abutments and
anchored. With the formwork in place, the
concrete is cast around the highly
stressed steel tendons are cured. When
the concrete has reached its
required strength, the wires are cut
or otherwise released from the
abutments. As the highly stressed steel
attempts to contract, the concrete
is compressed.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
PRETENSIONED CONCRETE
Pretensioned concrete members are often
in pre-tensioning beds long enough to
accommodate many identical units
simultaneously. To decrease the construction
cycle time, steam curing may be employed to
facilitate rapid concrete strength gain and
the concrete is often stressed within
24hours of casting. Because the concrete is
usually stressed at such an early age, elastic
shortening of the concrete and subsequent
creep strains tend to be high. This relatively high
time-dependent shortening of the concrete
cause a significant reduction in the tensile strain
in the bonded, prestressing steel and a relatively
high loss of prestress.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE
With the formwork in position, the concrete
is cast around hollow ducts which are fixed to
any desired profile. The steel tendons are usually
in place, unstressed in the ducts during the
concrete pour or alternatively may be threaded
through the ducts at some later time. When the
concrete has reached its required strength, the
tendons are tensioned. Tendons may be stressed
from one end with the other anchored or may be
stressed from both ends. The tendons are then
anchored at each stressing end. The concrete is
compressed during the stressing operation and
the prestress is maintained after the tendons are
anchored by bearing of the end anchorage plates
onto the concrete.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE
The post-tensioned tendons also
impose a transverse force to the member
wherever the direction of the cable
changes. After the tendons have been
anchored and no further stressing is
required, the ducts containing the filled
with grout under pressure tendons are
often. In this way, the tendons are bonded
to the concrete and are more efficient in
controlling cracks and providing, ultimate
strength. Bonded tendons are also less
likely to corrode or lead to safety problem if
a tendon is subsequently lost or damage.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
• Wire – Prestressing wire is a single unit
made of steel
• Strands – Two, three or seven wires are
wound to form a prestressing strand.
• Tendons – A group of strands or wires
are wound to form a prestressing tendon.
• Cable – A group of tendons form a
prestressing cable.
• Bars – A tendon can be made up of a
single steel bar. The diameter of a bar is
much larger than that of wire.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURE FOR WHICH
PRESTRESSED IS PRACTICAL FOR USE
In prestressed concrete structures,
compressive stresses in the concrete and tensile
stresses in the reinforcement are usually induced.
The use of high-strength steel permits significant
savings (up to70 percent) in the required amount
of reinforced steel-cable, wire, or deformed bars.
Prestressed structures are highly resistant to
cracking. In comparison with conventional
structures, they have much greater rigidity, and their
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Sample of Prestressed Structures
Prestressed Concrete Box Type Girder Bridge
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Sample of Prestressed Structures
Prestressed Concrete Box Type Girder Bridge
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Sample of Prestressed Structures
Prestressed Concrete Box Type Girder Bridge
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Sample of Prestressed Structures
Prestressed Concrete T-Beam and Slab Deck Bridge
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Sample of Prestressed Structures
Prestressed Concrete Piles
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Sample of Prestressed Structures
Prestressed of Pressure Pipes
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Comparison with Reinforced Concrete
Permanent stresses in the prestressed
structural members are created before
the full dead and live loads are applied.
With reinforced concrete, it is assumed
that the tensile strength of the concrete is
negligible and disregarded.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Advantages of Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed concrete is the most durable, reliable
and strongest concrete that is widely used for the
construction of mega building and bridges. It has made a
significant contributions to the construction industry, the
precast manufacturing and the cement industry.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Advantages of Prestressed Concrete
Following are the advantages of prestressed concrete
over reinforced concrete:
1. Lower construction cost
2. Thinner slab, which are specially important in high-rise
buildings where floor thickness savings can translate
into additional floors for the same or lower cost.
3. Fewer joints since the distance that can be spanned by
post-tensioned slabs exceeds that of reinforced
construction with the same thickness.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Advantages of Prestressed Concrete
Following are the advantages of prestressed concrete
over reinforced concrete:
4. Longer span lengths increase the usable
unencumbered floorspace in buildings and parking
structures.
5. Prestressed concrete needs about1/3 quantity of
concrete and ¼ quantity of steel as compared to R.C.
6. In R.C only 30% to 40% concrete actively resist
bending, thus material is wasted.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Advantages of Prestressed Concrete
Following are the advantages of prestressed concrete
over reinforced concrete:
7. In prestressed members the dead loads can be
counter valanced be eccentric prestressing.
8. Better resistance to shearing forces.
9. Use of high-grade materials increase the durability
and less cracks are developed.
[Link] can be tested before use.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete
Following are the advantages of prestressed concrete
over reinforced concrete:
1. Prestressing concrete requires high-quality dense
concrete of high strength. Perfect quality concrete in
production, placement and compaction is required.
2. It requires high tensile steel, which is 2.5 to 3.5 times
costlier than mild steel.
3. It requires complicated formwork.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete
Following are the advantages of prestressed concrete
over reinforced concrete:
4. Prestressing process requires complicated tensioning
equipment and anchoring devices.
5. Initial equipment cost is very high.
6. Availability of skilled engineers.
7. It requires skilled labors and builders.
8. Construction requires perfect supervision at all stages
of construction.
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN CODES
The design of most structures is governed by
specifications. In the design of buildings and bridges in
the Philippines the controlling specifications are based on
the National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP). The contents of this code for prestressed
concrete are patterned after the American Concrete
Institute (ACI) specifications, American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO), and the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM).
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
DESIGN LOAD CONSIDERATION
The determination of the loads to which a structure or
structural element will be subjected is, at best, an estimate. Some
of the most common kinds of loads are discussed in the following
sections.
• Dead loads
• Live loads
• Highway live loads
• Impact loads
• Wind loads
• Earthquake loads