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SQL Database Design and Commands Guide

The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), which is used for managing and manipulating data in relational databases. It covers various SQL commands categorized into DDL, DML, DCL, and DQL, along with concepts like SQL constraints and data types. Additionally, it discusses data integrity and specific SQL operations such as creating, updating, and deleting tables and records.

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21 views24 pages

SQL Database Design and Commands Guide

The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), which is used for managing and manipulating data in relational databases. It covers various SQL commands categorized into DDL, DML, DCL, and DQL, along with concepts like SQL constraints and data types. Additionally, it discusses data integrity and specific SQL operations such as creating, updating, and deleting tables and records.

Uploaded by

alonesheikh10
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

[Link].

pk
unioffaisalabad

Database design
&
development
What is SQL?

 Structured Query Language


 SQL is Structured Query Language, which is a
computer language for storing, manipulating and
retrieving data stored in relational database.

 SQL is the standard language for Relation Database


System. All relational database management
systems like “MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase,
Informix, postgres and SQL Server” use SQL as
standard database language.
SQL Commands

 DDL - Data Definition Language

 DML - Data Manipulation Language

 DCL - Data Control Language

 DQL - Data Query Language


SQL Commands
SQL Commands
SQL RDBMS
Concepts
 SQL Constraints: (applied on columns)
 NOT NULL Constraint
 UNIQUE Constraint
 PRIMARY Key
 FOREIGN Key
 CHECK Constraint
 Data Integrity:
 Entity Integrity: There are no duplicate rows in a table
 Domain Integrity: Enforces valid entries for a given column by
restricting the type
 Referential Integrity: Rows cannot be deleted which are used by
other records
 User-Defined Integrity: Enforces some specific business rules
SQL RDBMS
Concepts
 Data Types:
 Character datatypes:
 CHAR
 NCHAR
 NVARCHAR2
 VARCHAR2
 Numeric datatypes:
 NUMBER
 BINARY_FLOAT
 BINARY_DOUBLE
 Date time datatype:
 DATE
DCL: CREATE USER
 1) Define User with Username/Password
 2) Grants Sufficient Privileges.
 Using SQL Developer (UI, Command)
 Using SQL *PLUS (Command)
SQL : DDL
 Create Table:
 COLUMNS

 CONSTRAINTS
SQL: DDL
 DROP TABLE:

 ALTER TABLE

SQL: DML: INSERT
INSERT INTO:
 NUMBER, CHAR/VARCHAR2, DATE?

SQL:
INSERT INTO:
DML: INSERT
 SPECIFIC COLUMNS
SQL: DML: INSERT
 INSERT INTO:
 FOREIGN KEY

 ALL DML COMMANDS NEED COMMIT


SQL: DML: UPDATE
 UPDATE

 WHERE CLAUSE
SQL: DML: DELETE
 DELETE (DELETE VS DROP????)
HR-Schema
SQL: DQL: SELECT
 SELECT
 *

 SPECIFIC COLUMNS
SQL: DQL: SELECT
 DISTINCT CLUASE
SQL: DQL: SELECT
 WHERE CLUASE

SQL:
IN CLUASE
DQL: SELECT
 NOT IN

 NULL IN WHERE?
 IS NULL
 IS NOT NULL
SQL: DQL: SELECT
 ORDER BY
SQL: DQL: SELECT
 GROUP BY

 AGGREGATE FUCTION
 MAX,MIN
 AVG
 COUNT
 SUM
 …
 HAVING CLAUSE
SQL: DQL: SELECT
 SELECT FROM MULTIPLE TABLES
 CARTESIAN MULTIPICATION

 JOIN
[Link]
unioffaisalabad

Thanks

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