CHAPTER - XI

COMPUTER NETWORKS I
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

What is Computer Network?

A computer network is a set
of computers connected together for the
purpose of sharing resources , data,
communication easily.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
 ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

1. FASTER COMMUNICATION Mean teacher and student

sharing study material over the college network. IT MAKES
FILE SHARING EASIER

2. IT ALLOWS FOR MORE CONVENIENT RESOURCE SHARING.

Mean all employees in an office use the same printer

[Link] saving : less hardware needed

 ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

4. IT IS HIGHLY FLEXIBLE.

5. Improved security mean network can use firewalls,

password, permission to control who can access what.

6. It easy backup and recovery. Means all data stored on a

central server can be backed up automatically ,reducing data
loss.
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

1. Virus:
If one computer gets a virus, it can quickly spread to other
connected computers.

2. Security Risks
Hackers can access sensitive data if the network is not properly secured.
.

3. High Setup Cost (Initially)

Setting up a network with routers, switches, cables, servers can be expensive at the
beginning.
.
 DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

4. Network Failure Affects All

If the main server or router fails, the entire network can go down.
Example: Internet not working in a lab due to one switch failure.
.

5. Slow Speed Due to Heavy Traffic

Too many users or large file transfers can make the network slow.
.

6. IT Misuse of Resources
Users may misuse shared internet, printers, or download large files, affecting other
.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

1. HUBS

2. SERVERS

3. CLIENT

4. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

1. HUBS
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK
1. HUBS
A hub is a central device that receives data from
one computer and broadcasts it to all other
connected devices.
How it work
Devices are connected to the hub using ethernet
cables .
When one devices send data,the hub copies it
and sends it to every other port.
Only the intended device accepts the data;
others ignore it
Example
Imagine 4 computer (A,B,C,D)connected to a hub.
• If A send data to B, the hub sends it to B,C and D.
• Only B accepts it; other discard it.

Broadcast = one sender, all receivers

REPEATERS:

It is used to extend the range of a network by

repeating the signals over long distance without data
loss.
 How it work
• When a signal travels through a network
[Link] become weak after a certain distance.
• A Repeater is used in between to increase the
range and keep the signal strong and clear.
Example:
Your Wi-Fi works fine in the living room, but in
the bedroom, the signal is weak.
You install a Wi-Fi repeater in the hallway. It
catches the weak Wi-Fi signal from the router
and boots it, so now the bedroom also gets a
good signals.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

2. SERVERS
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

2. SERVERS
A server is a type of computer or device
on a network that store, manages and share
information with other computers over a
network.
example
When you open google on your phone , your
phone is the client, and google web server send
the page to you.
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

3. CLIENT

A client is a piece of computer hardware

or software that accesses a service made
available by a server.
Or
A client is a user side device that connects to a
server to use data , websites, application or
services.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

4. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

4. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

A communication channel is the path through

which data travels from a sender to a receiver.

Example
When you send a message on WhatsApp, it
travels through the internet that’s your
communication channel.
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

4. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

Types of communication channels are:

1. WIRED OR GUIDED COMMUNICATION

CHANNEL

2. WIRELESS OR UNGUIDED COMMUNICATION

CHANNEL
 4. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

1. WIRED OR GUIDED COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

1. WIRED OR GUIDED COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

When host and server connected with

one another through guided media
Like ,network cables like it’s called
wired communication channels/medium
Example:
 TWISTED-PAIR CABLES
 COAXIAL CABLES
 FIBRE OPTICAL CABLE .
 4. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

2. WIRELESS OR UNGUIDED COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

2. WIRELESS OR UNGUIDED COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

When hosts and server are connected

with one another through guided media.
Like, radio waves ,satellite etc.,

Example of wireless communication:

 RADIO WAVE ,
 MICRO WAVE,
 SATELLITE etc.,
 Applications
E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Internet Radio
TYPES OF NETWORK
 TYPES OF NETWORK

A computer network means a group of

‘network’ Computers

A network can mean a small of linked

computers to a chain of a few hundred
computer of different types (eg , PCs, minis,
mainframes etc ) Spread around the world.
TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD

Computer networks are classified based

on their size, range, and purpose .network
can be divided into types:

(I)PAN (PERSONAL AREA NETWORK)

(I)LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)

(II)MAN(METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)

(II)WAN(WIDE AREA NETWORK)

TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD

PAN(PERSONAL AREA NETWORK)

Range: Around 1 to 10 meters
Use: For personal devices like mobile, laptop, Bluetooth, etc.
Example:
•Bluetooth connection between mobile and wireless
headphones.
 LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)

Range: Within a small area (home, office,

school)
Use: Connects computers in a single building
Example:
• School computer lab
• Office computers connected to one printer
 MAN – METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

• Range: Across a city or large campus

• Use: Connects LANs in a city or metro area
Example:
• University campuses with multiple buildings
• Cable TV networks in a city
TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD

WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)

 WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)

• Range: Country to global level

• Use: Connects multiple LANs and MANs over large
distances
Example:
• The Internet
• Banks connecting ATMs across the country
LAN WAN

LAN
WAN
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN & WAN
[Link] LAN WAN
IT IS SPRED OVER A IT IS SPREAD OVER A
1) SMALL AREA VERY LARGE AREA

IT IS USUALLY IT COSTS HIGHER TO

2) COSTS LESS TO SET SET IT UP
IT UP
IT IS USUALLY A IT IS USUALLY A
3) SINGLE NETWORK NETWORK OF MANY
NETWORK
TYPES OF NETWORK BY COMPONENTS
 TYPES OF NETWORK BY COMPONENTS

Another parameter based on which you

can classify networks is the role played by
network computers in the network
operations on basis , there are 2 types of
networks:

(I) PEER TO PEER NETWORKS

II) CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS

TYPES OF NETWORK BY COMPONENTS

PEER TO PEER (P2P) NETWORKS

PEER TO PEER (P2P) NETWORKS
 PEER TO PEER (P2P) NETWORKS

P2P network literally implements the

meaning word Peer (ex : Each computer on
P2P network is equal) , that is each computer
can play a role of a client or a server.

The computer that serve on P2P

computers are often termed as non-dedicated
servers
Contd….
 PEER TO PEER (P2P) NETWORKS

• (P2P) networks are popular as home networks and

for use in small companies as they are inexpensive
and easy to install ,but they are limited scope and
are difficult to secure.
• On small networks , workstation that can double up
as a server is known as
NON-DEDICATDED SERVER .
• Non–Dedicated Server can shuttle b\w client as well
as server role.
• Small networks that are using such a servers are
known as P2P networks.
TYPES OF NETWORK BY COMPONENTS

CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS

CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS
 CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS

• Unlike P2P networks , bigger networks prefer to

have centralised control .
• They do this by clearing designations servers and
clients such networks are called
CLIENT-SERVER NETWORKS (or)
MASTER-SLAVE NETWORKS.
• On bigger network installation , there is a computer
reserved for the server’s job and its only job is to
help workstations access the data, software ,
hardware resources . CONTD…
 CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS

• It does not double up as workstation and such

servers is known as dedicated servers.
• Dedicated servers operates solely as a server on a
network.
• For ex : There may be a server exclusively for
serving files – related requests like storing files
deciding about their access privileges & regulating
the amount of space allowed for each server.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT SERVER AND P2P
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT SERVER AND P2P

SERVICE CLIENT SERVER P2P

SECURITY The server controls No central control

security of network over security
MANAGE The server manages No central control
MENT the network . over the network .
Needs a dedicated Any one can set up.
team of people to
manage the server .
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT SERVER AND P2P

SERVICE CLIENT SERVER P2P

DEPENDENCY Clients are Clients are not

depend on the depend on central
servers. servers.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT SERVER AND P2P

SERVICE CLIENT SERVER P2P

PERFORMANCE The server can be If machines on the

upgraded to be network are slow
made more they will slow
powerful to cope down other
with high demand. machines.
BACKUPS Data is all backed Each computer has
up on the main to be backed up
server . Data can easily be
deleted by users .
TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL

Computer networks are formed when

computers are connected with one and other . The
connections among the hosts are established using
specific communication media.
The computer networks can be categorized as
these:

1. WIRED COMPUTER NETWORKS

2. WIRELESS COMPUTER NETWORKS

TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL

1. WIRED COMPUTER NETWORK

 WIRED COMPUTER NETWORK

As clear by name in wired computer networks ,

the host and other devices are interconnected through
wiring or cables. Most wired computer networks are
of LAN type .

Although , there are wireless LAN’s too and

there are bigger networks that used wireless medias
too.

Contd..
 WIRED COMPUTER NETWORK

Commonly used cables in wired networks are

one of the following three types:

A) TWISTED PAIR CABLE

B) COAXIAL CABLE (COAX)

C)FIBRE OPTIC CABLE (OPTIC FIBRE CABLE).

TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL

TYPES OF WIRED CABLES

A) TWISTED PAIR CABLE:

 TYPES OF WIRED CABLES

A) TWISTED PAIR CABLE:

A twisted pair cable is a pair of

insulated wires that are twisted together to
improve electromagnetic capability and to
reduce from outside source these available in
various forms such as CAT1 , CAT2 , CAT3 ,
CAT4 , CAT5 , CAT6
TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL

TYPES OF WIRED CABLES

B) COAXIAL CABLE (COAX)

 TYPES OF WIRED CABLES

B) COAXIAL CABLE (COAX)

This type cables consist of a solid wire

core surrounded by one or more foil or wire
shield each separated by some kind of plastic
insulator
Ex : Thicknet and Thinnet .
TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL

TYPES OF WIRED CABLES

C) FIBRE OPTIC CABLE :

 TYPES OF WIRED CABLES

C) FIBRE OPTIC CABLE :

Consist of a bundle of glass threads

each of which capable of transmitting
messages modulated on to light waves .

Example:
Single node
Multi-node
TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL

WIRELESS COMPUTER NETWORKS

 WIRELESS COMPUTER NETWORKS

The computer networks that use

environment or air as the media , through
which information is transmitted without any
cable or wires or the electronic conductor ,
rather by using electromagnetic waves like:
IR(infrared) , RF(radio frequencies) , satellite ,
etc are wireless computer networks
EXAMPLE: i) When you connect all smartphones to a
common WIFI (a wireless LAN )
ii) WAN can also be formed using wireless media such
as satellite.
TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORK
 TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORK

1. MICRO WAVE

2. RADIO WAVE

3. SATELLITE

Some other wireless communication media are :

Infrared waves
Laser waves
TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORK

MICRO WAVE
 MICRO WAVE

Micro waves are high frequency waves

that used to transmit data wirelessly over a
long distances. The microwave transmission
consists of a transmitter , receiver and the
atmosphere .
Shorter wavelength than radio waves.
Higher frequency than radio waves.
Higher energy than radio waves.
Examples: Cell Phones and Radar.
TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORK

RADIO WAVE
 RADIO WAVE

Longest wave Length.

Lowest Frequency.
Lowest Energy.
WI-FI that has become common word today
also use radio waves to transmit data among
connected devices.
Some More Examples: TV,AM,FM Radio
Signals.
Radio waves easily travel through the
atmosphere and many materials.
SATELLITE
 SATELLITE

 Satellite communication is a special case of a

microwave relay system.
 Satellite communication use the synchronous
satellite to relay the alien radio signal transmitted
from ground station.
 The satellite accept data / signals transmitted from
an earth station , amplify them , and retransmit
them to another station.
 Using such as a setup data can be transmitted to
other side of the earth in only one step. Contd…
SATELLITE
NETWORK DEVICES AND HARDWARE
 NETWORK DEVICES AND HARDWARE

In the smooth functioning of a computer ,

other than computers and wiring , many devices (or)
specialized hardware play important roles .
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)

A standalone computer (a computer that does not

attached to a network) lives in its own world and
carries out its tasks with its own inbuilt resources.
 The (NIC) is a device that is attached to each of the
workstations and the server & helps the workstation
to establish all the important connections with
network.
 Each NIC that is attached to a workstation has a
unique number identification which is known as note
address
Contd…
 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)

 The NIC is also called as Terminal Access Point (TAP)

different manufacturers have different name for the
interface .
 The NIC is also called as NIU – (Network Interface
Unit)
 The (NIC) manufacturers assigns a unique physical
address to each NIC-card , this physical address is
know as MAC-address ------ (Media Access Control)
MAC ADDRESS
 MAC ADDRESS

The (NIC) manufacture assigns a unique

physical address to each NIC-card , the
physical address is know as (MAC-Address) .
A MAC-Address is a 6-bytes with each byte
separated by an colon
Eg;
10 : B5 : 03 : 63 : 2E : FC
Contd..
 MAC ADDRESS

• MAC-address is actually an number assigned to the

network card of your computer .
• The first three bytes are “manufacturer—ID” and
the last three byte are the card—no .
Eg; Manufacturer--ID

10 : B5 : 03 : 63 : 2E : FC

Card-no
WI-FI CARD
 WI-FI CARD

 It’s either an internal (or) external local area

network adapter with a built-in wireless radio and
antenna.
 Most common WI-FI cards used in desktop
computers are PCI express WI-FI cards made to fit
the PCI express cards slots on the mother board .
 The primary benefit of using a WI-FI card in desktop
computer is that it allows you to set-up your
workstation (or) home office without considering
the proximity (or) availability of hard line network
access
SWITCH
 SWITCH

A switch is a device that is used to segment

networks into different subnetworks called
subnet or LAN Segment.
Segmenting the network into smaller subnet,
prevents traffic overload in a network.
A switch is responsible for filtering (or)
transforming data in a specific way and
forwarding packets between LAN segment.

Contd…
 SWITCH

• A switch can support any packet of protocol.

• LAN’s that are segmented through switches
are called as switched LANs.
BRIDGE
 BRIDGE

A bridge is a device that let’s you link

networks together.
Bridges are smart enough to know which
computers are on which side of the bridge, so
they only allow those messages that need to
get other side to cross the bridge.
Bridges can handle networks that follow same
protocol.
Contd..
BRIDGE
ROUTER
 ROUTER

A device that works like a bridge but can

handle different protocol is know as Router.

A Router is a network device that forwards

data from one network to another network.

A router works like a bridge but can handle

different protocols.
 ROUTER
• If the destination is unknow to a router it
sends the traffic to another router (using
logical address) which knows the destination,
Based on a network road map called as
(Routing Table).

• Routers can help to ensure that packets are

travelling the most efficient paths to their
destination.
GATEWAY
 GATEWAY
A gateway is a network device that connects
dissimilar networks.
It establishes an intelligent connection
between a local network and external network
with completely different structures
Gateway is actually a node on a network that
server as an entrance to another network.
In enterprises the gateway is the computer
that routes the traffic from workstation to a
out side network that serving the web pages.
ACCESS POINT(AP) / WIRELESS ACCESS POINTS
 ACCESS POINT(AP)

• An ACCESS POINT-(AP) , also called as

(Wireless access point) WAP
• WAP is a hardware device that establishes
connections of computer devices on wireless LAN
with a fixed wire network.
• AP is a station that transmits and receives data
• AP has a range of (up to 150 feet for home based
APs).
• Wireless routers can function as(AP) , but not all
(AP)can work as routers.
THE CLOUDS
 THE CLOUDS

• A cloud is a generic term used for “INTERNET”.

• Cloud computing is internet-based computing
whereby shared resources, software , and
information are provided to computer and
other devices are in demand, like electricity
grid.
• Cloud computing is a new name for an old
concept :the delivery of computing services
from a remote location .
 CLOUD COMPUTING
VISUAL SOFT WARE
SERVER DESKTOP PLATFORM APPLACATION STORAGE
/DATA

OS

NETWORK DIVECES NETWORK DIVECESC

END
USERS
 TYPES OF CLOUDS

1. PRIVATE CLOUDS

2. PUBLIC CLOUDS

3. COMMUNITY CLOUDS

4. HYBIRED CLOUDS
[Link] CLOUDS
 [Link] CLOUDS

These are the clouds for exclusive use by

single organization and typically controlled,
managed and hosted in private data centers.
The hosting and operation of private clouds
may also be outsourced to third party
services provider, but a private clouds
remains for the exclusive use of one
organization.
Contd…
 [Link] CLOUDS

Best Private Cloud Providers

HPE. By most estimates, Hewlett Packard
Enterprise (HPE) is a key leader in the private
cloud market.
Vmware Dell Oracle
IBM Microsoft. Cisco.
NetApp.
[Link] CLOUDS
 [Link] CLOUDS

These are the clouds for use by

multiple organization on shared basis and
hosted and by the third party services
provider.

Examples of public clouds include Amazon

Elastic ComputeCloud (EC2), IBM's
Blue Cloud, Sun Cloud,Google AppEngine and
Windows Azure Services Platform
[Link] CLOUDS
 [Link] CLOUDS

• These are the clouds for use by a group of

related organization who wish to make use of
a common cloud computing environment .
• FOR EXP:
 All suppliers to a larger manufacture.
 All universities in a given region.
[Link] CLOUDS
 [Link] CLOUDS

When a single organization adopts both

private and public clouds for a single
application in order to take advantage of the
benefits of both.
INTERNET OF THING (IoT)
 INTERNET OF THING (IoT)

• (IoT) is a phenomenon that connects the

things to the internet over wired or wireless
connections.
• (IoT) allows the people and things to be
connected ANYTIME, ANYPLACE WITH
ANYTHING AND ANYONE .
Contd…
 ENERGY MANAGEMENT:
SMART CITIES:  WIRELESS GIRD
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
COMMUNICATION

SMART HOME: WERABLES:

 SMART DOOR LOCK  SMART WATCHES

HEALTH CARE: HOME APPLIANCES:

 PRESSURE
IoT  COFFE MAKER
MONITOR  A/C

TRANAPORTATION:
 (IoT) MAKES EASY AGRICULTURE:
 SMART FARMING
PARKING

SMART MANFACTURING:
 INDUSTRIAL CARS:
 ENGIN MANAGEMENT
COMMUNICATION
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
CLOUDS
ThankYou