Chapter 5

Presentation on
Inclusion for Peace, Democracy & Development
 Inclusion for Peace/Definition

 Peace can be defined in several ways.

 Peace is defined as:

 creating mutual understanding

 positive relationship between individuals and groups.

 These groups may include culturally, linguistically, economically and

biologically heterogeneous groups.
 These groups are living side by side in a harmony with reciprocated
respect or create societal friendship with all the diversities without
conflict.
 This means developed interpersonal peace through deep respect for
other persons, justice, tolerance and cooperation.
 Peace has a notion of societies‘ completeness, fulfillment,
wholeness, harmony, feeling of security and well being of an
individual, a community or a society
 Human being is interconnected and should be free from negative
force, fear, hatred, anger, tension, violence stress, anxiety and any
kind of destructions.
 Peace make the mind quiet and calm, prevents anxieties, worries,
stress and fears, and awakens inner strength and confidence,
develop freedom, happiness, love, joy, justice and gratitude.

Inclusiveness:Chapter 1 3
 Inclusion for Peace/Definition
 Peace can be achieved through formal and informal inclusive
education.
 Inclusive education is a foundation for inclusiveness in all aspects
of life.
 It creates equality and equity among divers population.
 Equal (sameness and nondiscrimination) and/or equitable (social
justice and fairness ) distribution of resources within the system;
equal and/or equitable both in terms of locations and numbers, in
relation to resources such as money, trained and qualified
professionals, teaching and learning materials, school buildings,
and school furniture.
 It is important to realize inclusive education to create a society that is

peaceful, democratize and developed.

 Hence inclusive education is crucial for:

 Fostering education that promotes the values, attitudes and behavior

inherent in a culture of peace including:

 conflict prevention and resolution,

 dialogue,

 consensus building and

 active non-violence;

 Promoting sustainable economic and social development by targeting the

eradication of poverty and social inequalities;

 Promoting respect for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
at all levels;
 Promoting gender equality in economic, social and political
decision-making;
 Fostering democratic participation and citizenship and
supporting processes that promote and sustain democracy;
 Advancing understanding, respect for cultural diversity, and
human solidarity by promoting a dialogue among societies;

Inclusiveness:Chapter 1 6
 Supporting participatory communication and the free flow and
sharing of information and knowledge in the promotion of a
culture of peace;
 Promoting international peace and security through action such as
the promotion of general and complete disarmament.
 Contrary to the important of inclusive education exclusion in
education create undesirable result for a nation:
• Educational exclusion cut people off from full involvement in the
economic and social life of their countries
• social exclusion is often the consequence of severe horizontal
inequalities, and as such it can underpin grievances that can
mobilize groups for conflict
• Exclusion through horizontal inequalities undermines social
cohesion
• Educational inequalities reflect social inequalities more broadly;
 Dominant ethnic groups control state resources and may
discriminate against minority groups in terms of access to social
resources, such as education, and employment opportunities;
 Large horizontal inequalities may increase group cohesion among
those who are marginalized, facilitating mobilization for conflict;
 Factors that increase the risk of the outbreak of conflict could be
due to discrimination on the basis of: gender, age, class, religion,
disability, poverty, geographical location..etc
 These may be equally important in mobilizing individuals to
participate in conflict.
 Exclusion and inequalities may furthermore be political, social, or economic in

nature, or a combination of the four

 Sources of Conflict

1. Spiritual sources of conflict:

 Result of original ancestor‘s separation from God and negative influence from

evil spiritual forces

2. Individual sources of conflict:

 Disunity within the individual and confusion of values

3. Family sources of conflict

 Family dysfunctions affect succeeding generations.

4. National/international sources of conflict

 National policies affect future generations and can lead to conflict within or

between nations
 Sustaining Peace

 healing all the evils of today is possible only through inclusive

education.
 Creating access to quality education; focus on shaping social
skills, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values and positive human
relations helps in building sustainable peace.
• With the aim of creating inclusive society it is important to expand
formal and informal inclusive education.
• Formal and informal inclusive education create the following
competencies in young and adult populations:
 Inclusive education create the following competencies
in young and adult populations
 Skills of sifting the truth from propaganda or bias that surrounds
them in every culture
 Respect for the wise use of resources and appreciation for more
than just the materialistic aspects of quality of life
 Respect for different points of view and the ability to see the world
through the eyes of others
 Skills to resolve conflict in non-violent ways
 The desire and ability to participate in shaping society, in their
own community, their nation and the world.
 Steps for Building of peace
1. Fostering inclusion, ensuring access to justice, strengthening the

social fabric and delivering good governance.

2. Reaffirm a commitment to human rights, the foundation for human

dignity and just societies.

3. Foster social resilience by strengthening inclusion and addressing

inequality: Peace issues are core to the discussion of resilience.

Resilient societies are those where the social fabric is strong.

4. Think local and act global: recommit to multilateralism as a safeguard

for the most vulnerable

5. Protect and support civil society in fostering sustainable peace

 Inclusion for Democracy/Definition

 Democracy is the rule of the people, by the people, for the people;
and where people is to mean all human being, regardless of the
diversities.
 Democratic schools are an educational ideal in which democracy is
both a goal and a method of instruction.
 It brings democratic values to education and can include self-
determination within a community of equals, as well as such values
as justice, respect and trust of diversities
 Inclusive education for democracy has not been established as a
central purpose for schooling in Ethiopia.
 Inclusive Education for Democracy

 Schools are the ideal place to promote democracy.

 One of the most important tasks of schools should be helping
students to realize the values of democracy.
 The democratic values include is to enhance
protected right,
independent quality life for all,
freedom, pursuit of happiness,
justice, the common good, truth,
respect and tolerance for diversity and partisanship.
 Inclusive Education for Democracy
 The most important function of democratic education is to make
the democracy natural attitude and way of thinking of man by
developing the thought of democracy in human mind.
 In democratic classroom teachers:
 treat all students equally,
provide them support according to their needs and
potentials,
share power with students and
support them in managing their own behaviors
 Inclusive Education for Democracy

 Inclusive education sees young people not as passive recipients of

knowledge, but rather as active co-creators of their own learning that
help to exercise democracy.
 Inclusive education aims to develop real democracy through active
participation by all divers learners involved in classrooms and
educational institutions.
 If Inclusive education is in their places, everyone receives the things
they need in order to develop in an orderly, sequential way into
members of society.
 Inclusive education instills/inspires the values of cooperation,
fairness and justice into the hearts of our students.
 Inclusive Education for Democracy
 In democratic education students have the power to make decisions about
their learning, because power is shared rather than appropriated in advance
by a minority of people.
 Inclusive education (when practiced well) is very important because:

 All children are able to be part of their community and develop a sense of
belonging and become better prepared for life in the community today as
children and tomorrow as adults.
 It provides better opportunities for learning.

 In the absence of democracy, exclusion is prone to be exercised, today in the

school and tomorrow in the society.
 Hence, democracy is one of the principles of inclusiveness in the process of
building inclusive society that begun in schools.
 Democratic principles for inclusive practices

 Inclusive education is based on the following principles:

 Diversity enriches and strengthens all communities.
 All persons with disabilities different in their needs, potentials,
learning and working styles;
 Their achievements according to their potentials are equally
valued, respected and celebrated by society
 All learners are enabled to fulfill their potential by taking into
account individual requirements and needs.
 Inclusion for Development/Definition

 Development refer to a specified state of advancement or growth a

new and advanced idea, profession, physical, mental, product; or an
event that constitutes a new stage under changing circumstances.
 Development is a positive growth or change in economical, social
and political aspects of a country.
 Inclusive development is a process that occurs when social and
material benefits are equitably distributed across divides in society.
 Inclusive development also has an integral focus on the
achievement of equity and the rights of citizenship.
 Inclusive education for Development
 The meaning of development for an individual about realizing his
or her full potential as a human being through inclusive education
and then inclusive society
 Inclusive development consists of ensuring that all marginalized
and excluded groups are stakeholders in development processes.
 It is obvious that many groups are excluded from social and
economic development because of their gender, ethnicity, age,
religion, disability or poverty.
 If there is no inclusiveness in all walks of life, development cannot
be sustainable.
 Inclusive and sustainable development is crucial to reduce
poverty in all its dimensions so that all members of the society are
benefitted.
 The goal of inclusiveness is to prevent social exclusion and
creating more social inclusion that aim at including all members
of society in the growth process.
 Social inclusion is an integral part of inclusive development.
 Social inclusion enhances capabilities, broadens social ties of
respect and recognition, and at the collective level, enhances
social bonds, cohesion, integration and solidarity among human
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 Inclusive education for Development

 The initial emphasis of inclusion has been on economic inclusion through

poverty reduction, social protection and employment creation.

 However, it has become increasingly clear that inclusion also has social

and political dimensions

 Social inclusion is a membership of society- with citizenship as the basis

for participating in the social, economic, political and cultural

institutions of a society.
 Inclusive education for Development
 Social inclusion ought to be based on the recognition of rights and
responsibilities, accountability and judgment and of the
fundamental equality of all and on the provision of life chances for
all members of society to participate in the activities of society‖
(Silver, 2015).
 Social inclusion is thus also inherently political, and it is crucial
for inclusive development to address social inclusion considering
the various dimensions and its effect on dimensions of well-being.
.
 Development efforts of any organization need to include and
benefit people with disabilities and all marginalized groups
through providing education, creating employability, promoting
prosperity, reducing poverty and enhancing stability
 It is obvious that people with disabilities and marginalized
population are large and most disadvantaged minority in the
world.
 Without creating inclusiveness for these populations we cannot
realize peace, democracy and development.

Inclusiveness:Chapter 1 25
 Major Importance of Inclusion

1. It is important to support people learn, productive, successful and live

independently, be successful without helping them too much.
2. Inclusiveness when practiced well is very important because: All
people are able to be part of their community and develop a sense of
belonging and become better prepared for life in the community as
children and adults. It provides better opportunities for learning.
3. Inclusion values diversity and the unique contributions, where
everybody brings to the milieu/setting. In a truly inclusive setting,
every individual feels safe and has a sense of belonging. A person who
participates in setting life goals and take part in decisions that affects
them.
4. the opportunity to participate in the typical experiences in life; to be
with other people and form friendships and develop other social skills;
for natural lifelong learning in real situations and access to inclusion
models
5. The inclusion model is also beneficial because it prepares individuals
today and in the future
 Respecting divers needs, culture, values, demands and ideas

 These include race, ethnicity, age, ability, language, nationality,

socioeconomic status, gender, religion, or sexual orientation.
 The group is diverse if a wide variety of groups are represented.
 Cultural diversity has become a hot-button issue when applied to the
workplace.
 list of the biggest diversity issues in the workplace.
 Acceptance and Respect
 Accommodation of Beliefs
 Ethnic and Cultural Differences , Gender Equality
 Physical and Mental Disabilities
 Generation Gaps
 Language and Communication
 Major Diversities in the Workplace

 Ethnicity (language and cultural differences)

 Age and Generation differences
 Gender and Gender Identity
 Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
 Disability and Ability
 Socioeconomic Status and Background
Poor and rich
Educated and uneducated
Highly educated and less educated
Rural vs. urban history
Married and unmarried
Hard worker and non hard worker
Mental health problems…etc
 Valuing diversity

 Recognizes differences between people and acknowledges that these

differences are a valued asset.
 Multicultural education is an important component of valuing diversity.

 It respects diversity while teaching all children and youth to become

effective and participating members of a democracy.
 Diversity in the workplace is vital for employees because it manifests
itself in building a great reputation for the company, leading to increased
profitability and opportunities for workers quality services.
 Workplace diversity is important within the organization as well as
outside.
 Valuing diversity

 It is important to value diversity because;

 people build a stronger sense of identity and wellbeing, and
 have better education and career outcomes when their diverse strengths,
abilities, interests and perspectives are understood and supported.
 it helps dispel negative stereotypes and personal biases about different
groups.
 In addition, valuing cultural diversity helps us:
 recognize and respect ways of being that are not necessarily our own;
so that as we interact with others,
 we can build bridges to trust, respect, and
 understanding across cultures.
 Cultural Diversity

 Human/cultural diversity refers to:

 what language someone speak,

 religion,

 holidays celebrated,

 ethnic identity,

 culture and the like.

 Our culture is what shapes us; it shapes our behavior and our identity.

 Culture refers to the shared language, beliefs, values, norms,

behaviors, and material objects that are passed down from one
generation to the next.
 Cultural Diversity

 The term culturally divers is often used interchangeably with the

concept of multiculturalism.
 Important elements in defining and describing multiculturalism
are:
 recognition of the abundant diversity of cultures;
 respect for the differences;
 acknowledging the validity of different cultural expressions and
contributions;
 valuing what other cultures offer;
 encouraging the contribution of diverse groups;
 empowering people to strengthen themselves and others to achieve
their maximum potential by being critical of their own biases; and
 celebrating rather than just tolerating the differences in order to
bring about unity through diversity are
 Cultural Diversity

 The multicultural person, therefore, is not simply the one who is

sensitive to many different cultures.
 Rather, this person is always in the process of becoming a part of
and apart from a given cultural context.
 He or she is a formative being, resilient, changing, and
evolutionary.
 Cultural diversity exist when population differences are well
represented within a community.
 These include race, ethnicity, age, ability, language, nationality,
socioeconomic status, gender, religion and geographical area.
 Ethnic diversity

 Race is usually seen as biological, referring to the physical characteristics of a

person,
 Ethnicity is viewed as a social science construct that describes a person's
cultural identity.
 It is including nationality, regional culture, ancestry, and language.
 An example of race is brown, white, or black skin (all from various parts of the
world), while an example of ethnicity is German or Spanish ancestry
(regardless of race) or Han Chinese.
 Cultural diversity is important; because our country, workplaces, and schools
increasingly consist of various cultural, racial, and ethnic groups; so that as we
interact with others we can build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding
across cultures.
 Ethnic diversity
 We can learn from one another, but first, we must have a level of
understanding about each other.
 Learning about other cultures helps us understand different perspectives
within the world in which we live.
 It helps dispel negative stereotypes and personal biases about different
groups.
 Cultural diversity helps us recognize and respect ways of being that are
not necessarily our own; so that as we interact with others we can build
bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures.
 Furthermore, this diversity makes our country a more interesting place
to live.
 As people from diverse cultures contribute language skills, new ways of
thinking, new knowledge, and different experiences are learned and
developed.
 Inequality among the ethnic groups, when the majority dominates the
minority, creates conflict.
 Ethnic diversity in Ethiopia
 Ethiopia is made up of people of different ethnic origin.
 Despite the popular belief that Ethiopia is just one big country of a single ethnic group, there are

over 83 different ethnic groups speaking more than 83 different languages and 200 dialects.
 Ethnicity is more than just language, song, and dance.

 It is the embodiment of values, institutions, and patterns of behavior, a composite whole

representing a people‘s historical experience, aspirations and a world view.

 If the majority deprive minority people of their ethnicity, and their culture, this situation deprive
them of their sense of direction, purpose and eventually their identity, so that conflict can be
created.
 Such conditions can create conflicts with so much hatred, genocides may be committed and all

types of crimes against humanity can be carried out.

 In Rwanda the Tutsis and the Hutus fought each other in a genocide in 1994 that claimed the
lives of approximately 800 000 lives
 Ethnic diversity
 This culture of ethnic groups has not stopped but has reared its ugly head in recent years taking

the form of Xenophobia in particular South Africa.

 Brother has arisen against brother, to the extent of burning the other alive.

 Listening to reasons offered by those committing these heinous crimes leaves a lot to be

desired.
 There is a lot of hate being passed around, with South African nationals chanting that

foreigners are denying them opportunities in their own land and such should go back to their
country of origin.
 It is sad to note that with the advent of globalization, people have been travelling to various

countries, some to acquire business opportunities, some to offer a particular skill set required.
 And these nationals contribute economically to the success of host countries.

 As such it is clear testimony that is ethnic groups is able to see past their ethnic divide, they

have the potential to make Ethiopia great and the world at large.
 Benefits of Cultural Diversity

 There are many advantages of a diverse in schools and workplaces.

 Organizations can benefit from employees who bring language
skills, cultural experience, and creativity to the table.
 An organizations success can be dependent upon its ability to
embrace a diverse staff.
 Major Benefits of Cultural Diversity
 Increased productivity
 Improved creativity
 Increased profits
 Improved employee engagement
 Reduced employee turnover
 Improved company reputation
 Wider range of skills
 Improves cultural insights
 Reduced Fear, Improved Performance
 Put a variety of world views into one room, and you'll come
out the other side with better ideas
 Boost Your Brand's Reputation
 Global Impact
 Benefits of Cultural Diversity
 In the same vein, workplace diversity boosts creativity

 Schools‘ cultural diversity enriches the educational experience

 Through culturally diverse classroom and in a cooperative learning, students

have the opportunity to learn from people with different backgrounds and
upbringings, leading to increased innovation and collaboration
 It helps dispel negative stereotypes and personal biases about different
groups.
 In addition, cultural diversity helps us recognize and respect ways of being
that are not necessarily our own; so that as we interact with others we can
build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures;
inclusiveness. Religious diversity
 Causes of workplace conflict

 Lack of values for differences and poor management of religious institutions

 Disrespect and unfair treatment other religions

 Unclear roles as followers of a given religion

 Inadequate spiritual education and training or ill thought

 Poor communication with each other

 Lack of collaboration and poor living environment

 Partiality or lack of equal treatment from political leaders

 Bullying and harassment of other religion

 A religious conflict is a conflict primarily caused or justified by differences in

religion.
 In the modern period, debates are common over the extent to which religious,
economic, or ethnic aspects of a conflict predominate in a given conflict.
 Strategies to Resolve Conflict

[Link] on a mutually acceptable time and place to discuss the conflict

[Link] the problem as you see it and list your concerns

[Link] the other person have his/her say

[Link] and ask questions

[Link] to one conflict at a time — to the issue at hand

6. Seek common ground

7. Seek for win-win approaches.

 The win-win approach sees conflict resolution as an opportunity to come to a

mutually beneficial result.

 It includes identifying your opponent's underlying concerns and finding an alternative

which meets each party's concerns.

 Gender differences

 "sex" refers to the biological differences between males and females, such
as the genitalia and genetic differences.
 sex refers to biological differences between males and females.
 For example, chromosomes (female XX, male XY), reproductive organs
(ovaries, testes), hormones (oestrogen, testosterone)
 "Gender" can refer to the role of a male or female in society,
 It is known as a gender role,

 an individual's concept of themselves, or gender identity.

 either of the two sexes (male and female), especially when considered with
reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones.
 Gender differences
 The term gender is also used more broadly to denote a range of
identities that do not correspond to established ideas of male and
female.
 Gender a condition that affects people of both genders/sex" and
 gender is the cultural differences expected (by society / culture) of
men and women according to their sex.
 Stereotype thinking against woman

 In his Politics, Aristotle saw women as subject to men, but as higher than slaves, and

lacking authority; he believed the husband should exert political rule over the wife.

 Among women's differences from men were that they were, in his view, more

impulsive, more compassionate, more complaining, and more deceptive.

 He gave the same weight to women's happiness as to men's, and in his Rhetoric

stated that society could not be happy unless women were happy too.

 Whereas Plato was open to the potential equality of men and women, stating both

that women were not equal to men in terms of strength and virtue, but were equal to

men in terms of rational and occupational capacity, and hence in the ideal Republic

should be educated and allowed to work alongside men without differentiation,

Aristotle appears to have disagreed.

 Stereotype thinking against woman
 In his theory of inheritance, Aristotle considered
 the mother to provide a passive material element to the child,
 while the father provided an active element with the form of the
human species
 In Ethiopia, discriminatory attitudes and social norms are major
drivers of gender-based violence where women are victims and
the perpetrators are men.
 Factors associated with men's use of violence include rigid
gender attitudes, abuses and harassments
 Ways of promoting Women’s participations in developments

 Our priorities are winning economic equality and securing equal rights for
women;
 Reproductive freedom and other women's health issues;

 An equitable distribution of life's opportunities and resources between

women and men, and/or the equal representation of women and men
 Every woman and girl is entitled to live in dignity and in freedom, without
any fear.
 Caring practices for female, not violence

 Equal opportunity for education and employment

 Gender Justice is indispensable for development, poverty reduction, and is

crucial to achieving human progress
 Marginalized group of people

 Marginalization is a process that includes many external forces.

 People may be marginalized on the basis of the social, gender,
cultural, ethnic, economic, social order, beliefs and other factors.
 Marginal groups can always be identified by members of dominant
society, and will face irrevocable discrimination.
 Marginalized groups exist nearly everywhere.
 They are people who, for whatever reason, are denied involvement
in mainstream economic, political, cultural and social activities.
 Marginalized group of people
 Targeting or ignoring one group can ultimately affect the whole society
in all aspects of development.
 Marginalization comprises those processes by which individuals and
groups are ignored or relegated to the sidelines of political debate,
social negotiation, and economic bargaining and kept there.
 Neoclassical economists trace marginalization to individual character
flaws or to cultural resistance to individualism.
 Marginalization is the result of systemic actions that the "in group"
takes, whether consciously or unconsciously, to alienate or
disenfranchise a specific person or groups of people by sidelining them
from the group's main activities and contributions
 Creating friendly environments for marginalized people

 Tolerate for the differences opinions and attitudes

 Seek out marginalized voices and perspectives and provide support

 Confront your own racist thought and try to be inclusive of all the
differences
 Use your privilege to support marginalized people‘s movements

 Give your time and money, if possible for the success of inclusive
development
 Be proactive about inclusion in your daily life

 Avoid segregation

 Do the work that help to promote inclusiveness

 Creating friendly environments for marginalized people

 The most vulnerable/ marginalized people are women, children,

aged, those living with HIV/AIDS, mental illness, minority people
with language and cultural diversity, disability and the like.
 Girls and women from the marginalized groups are more
vulnerable to violence.
 The dropout, illiteracy, un-employability and poverty rates among
them are also high.
Thank you
Inclusiveness:Chapter 1 52