Data Collection

Instruments

Collects data using appropriate instruments

CS_RS12-IId-g-1
Review

What is data?
Review

What is data?

Why researchers collect data?

Review

What is data?
Why researchers collect data?
How is data collected?
How do you collect your data?

Direction: Look at the different kinds of

research instruments. Check all that seem
helpful in answering your research
questions. You may choose more than one.
Then, explain to the front why you choose
that instrument.
Collecting data

= first step you need to perform before you

proceed in writing your data analysis and
interpretation.
Data Collection

= done by utilizing research instruments

that are either developed or adopted.
Things to consider in collecting
data

(1) Which data to collect?

(2) How to collect the data?
(3) Who will collect the data?
(4) When to collect the data?
Quantitative research instruments

= comprise questionnaires, interviews, tests,

and observation
Qualitative data collection
approaches

= usually involve: (a) direct interaction with

individuals on a one to one basis, (b) and or
direct interaction with individuals in a group
setting.
When developing and utilizing a research
instrument, the following steps are to be
considered:

1. Be clear with your research question.

2. Plan how you will conduct the data
collection.
3. Use appropriate research instruments.
When developing and utilizing a research
instrument, the following steps are to be
considered:

4. Collect, tabulate, tally, and analyze the

data.
5. Verify the validity and reliability of the
collected data.
6. Present your findings.
Research Instruments

1. Questionnaires
2. Tests
3. Interview
4. Observation
Questionnaires

= consists of a series of questions about a

research topic to gather data from the
participants. It consists of indicators that is
aligned to the research questions.
Questionnaires

= can be carried out in the following

methods: face to face, by telephone, or
through e-mail, messenger, social media
post, or using computer programs or forms
(Barrot, 2018, p 138).
Questionnaires

In quantitative research, questionnaires use

the following approaches: (1) scale (usually
Likert scale); and (2) conversion of
responses into numerical values, e.g.
strongly as 5, agree as 4, neutral as 3,
disagree as 2, and strongly disagree as 1.
Questionnaires

The terms survey and questionnaire have

different meanings. A questionnaire is an
instrument used to collect data while a
survey is a process of collecting, recording,
and analyzing data. Questionnaires can be
structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
Three Structures of Making A
Questionnaires

1. structured questionnaires = employ

closed-ended questions.
Three Structures of Making A
Questionnaires

1. structured questionnaires = employ

closed-ended questions.
= commonly used in quantitative studies
because it is easier to code, interpret
objectively, and, most of all, easier to
standardize.
Three Structures of Making A
Questionnaires

2. Unstructured questionnaires = use

open-ended questions in which the research
participants can freely answer and put his
thoughts into it.
Three Structures of Making A
Questionnaires

3. semi-structured questionnaires
= combinations of both the structured
and unstructured ones
Advantages of Using Questionnaire

1. Data can be quickly gathered from a big

number of participants.
2. The participants are encouraged to be
open to the researchers since their identity
can be made anonymous.
Disadvantages of Using
Questionnaire

1. The questions can be interpreted

differently by the participants.
2. Some participants will not be able to
complete the required responses.
Disadvantages of Using
Questionnaire

3. Some questionnaires will not be returned

on time.
4. Some questionnaires will be lost.
5. The answers from participants may lack
depth.
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires
for Data Collection

1. Choose the method of administering the

questionnaire.
a. Face-to-face Method. Use this when you
need to capture the emotions, behavior,
and non-verbal cues of the participants
b. Online Method. Use this when behavior
and non-verbal cues need not to be taken
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires
for Data Collection

2. Divide your questionnaire into two or

three parts.
a. Personal information. This section
which contains background information of
the participants. (Names are optional)
b. Main section. This lists the specific
questions or indicators.
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires
for Data Collection

2. Divide your questionnaire into two or

three parts.
c. Open-ended question section. This
contains additional information that might
be needed. (This applied only for
quantitative research)
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires
for Data Collection

3. Make sure to craft questions and choices

that are aligned with specific research
questions or objectives.
4. Provide specific and clear directions for
respondents in answering the questionnaire.
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires
for Data Collection

5. Use routing (directing) technique if there

is a need to skip some items in the
questionnaire.
6. Begin with the general questions first
followed by the specific ones.
7. Prefer to have brief, clear, and concise
questionnaire. Use simple terms.
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires
for Data Collection

8. Predetermined responses or choices should

match the nature of the questions.
a. If the content is about belief, use agreement
(strongly agree , agree, neutral, disagree, strongly
disagree)
b. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use
extent (very great extent, great extent, moderate
extent, small extent, none at all)
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires
for Data Collection

8. Predetermined responses or choices should

match the nature of the questions.
c. If questions are about frequency, use frequency
(always, frequently, sometimes, seldom, never)
d. If the content is about quality, use quality
(excellent, very good, good, poor)
Later, these responses will be translated into
numerical values (e.g. five-point Likert scale)
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires
for Data Collection

9. Avoid negative statements unless necessary.

10. Avoid leading and biased, double-barreled,
and very sensitive questions.
11. Do not split the questions or choices over
two pages.
12. If possible, schedule an appointment before
distributing the questionnaires.
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires
for Data Collection

13. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire

especially for agency connected respondents.
14. Make a follow-up on the participants who did
not to return the questionnaire.
15. Tally and encode the data immediately once
you have collected them and archive them
digitally.
Tests

= used for assessing various skills and types

of behavior as well as for describing some
characteristics. There are two types of test
used in quantitative research:
1. Standardized test and
2. Non-standardized test.
Standardized Tests

= scored uniformly across different areas

and groups. It is usually administered by
institutions to assess a wide range of groups
such as students and test-takers. It is
considered as more reliable and valid.
Standardized Tests

Examples:
Achievement test, University Entrance
Exam, Personality Tests, and the likes.
Non-Standardized Tests

= test may not be scored uniformly. It is

administered to a certain set of people.
Types of Test Questions

1. Recall Questions. It requires participants

to retrieve information from memory (e.g.
fill-in-the blank test, identification test,
enumeration test, etc.)
Types of Test Questions

2. Recognition Questions. It provides

respondents to select from given choices the
best or correct choice (e.g. multiple-choice
test, true or false test, yes or no test, etc.)
Types of Test Questions

3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the

respondents more freedom in their
responses, expressing their thoughts and
insights (e.g. essay writing tests and other
performance-based tests.
The following table shows the types
of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Recal Cloze test Supply words or Questionnaires
l phrases that can be
have been structured, semi-
deleted/removed structured, or
from a test. _____________.
The following table shows the types
of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Recal Identifica Provide an What type of
l tion answer to the questionnaire
given question employs close-
using pure ended
recall. questions?
The following table shows the types
of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Recal Enumera List down the List the steps
l tion answers, in conducting
whether quantitative
chronologically research.
or not.
 The following table shows the types
of test and examples
What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Reco Multiple Choose the best/ Which of the
gniti Choice correct answer following does
on from three to five NOT belong to the
group?
options.
A. Collecting data
B. Tabulating data
 The following table shows the types
of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Reco Multiple Choose the best/ C. Interpreting data
gniti Choice correct answer D. Differing data
on from three to five
options.
 The following table shows the types
of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Reco Matching Match the Match the terminologies in Column A with
their synonyms in Column B.
gniti items in Column A
__1. Data
Column B
A. Participants
on Column A with __2. Respondents B. Representative
__3. Sample C. Information

the items in
Column B.
 The following table shows the types
of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Reco Dichotom Choose an Write TRUE on the
gniti ous answer from two space before each
on options either number if the
True or False or statement is correct
Modified True or and FALSE if it is
False. incorrect..
 The following table shows the types
of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Reco Dichotom Choose an _____1. Data
gniti ous answer from two collection is the first
on options either step in conducting
True or False or quantitative research.
Modified True or
False.
 The following table shows the types
of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Open Non- Provide a Explain the
- performa lengthy process of
Ende nce answer in obtaining the
d
based writing or sample size from
orally. the population.
 The following table shows the types
of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Participants Example
will Do
Open Performanc Perform a task Present a role play
- e-based where they are about conducting an
Ende expected to interview on study
d prepare a habits among students.
presentation or
written work.
Quantitative Interview

= a method of collecting data about an

individual’s behaviors, opinions, values,
emotions, and demographic characteristics
using numerical data.
 Difference between Quantitative
and Qualitative Interviews

Quantitative Qualitative
Interviews Interviews
It uses closed-ended It uses open-ended
questions. questions.
It contains a rating No rating scale or
scale or rubric. rubric needed.
 Difference between Quantitative
and Qualitative Interviews

Quantitative Qualitative
Interviews Interviews
Structured type is used to Unstructured, semi-
minimize “interviewer
effect”, which means that
structured, informal
the responses of the interviews, and focus
participants may be group discussions
affected by the behavior (FGD) are used.
displayed by the
researcher on the manner
 interview are both highly structured,
but here’s a distinction between the
two:

Quantitative Interviews Questionnaires

Items are read to the Participants answer on
participants. their own.
Researchers may ask Researchers may not ask
follow-up questions. follow-up questions.
 interview are both highly structured,
but here’s a distinction between the
two:

Quantitative Interviews Questionnaires

Useful when the target Not applicable for blind
participants cant and uneducated (no read,
answer a printed or no write) participants.
encoded questionnaire
(blind or uneducated).
Observation

= another method of collecting data that is

frequently used in qualitative research.
However, it can be used in quantitative research
when the observable characteristics are
quantitative in nature (e.g. length, width, height,
weight, volume, area, temperature, cost, level,
age, time, and speed)
Observation

allows the researcher to observe the actual

event or phenomenon. It has greater
flexibility in the observation method.
However, observation may lack participant
validity and may be prone to the
Hawthorne effect phenomenon.
Forms of Observation

1. Controlled Observation.
Forms of Observation

1. Controlled Observation.
2. Natural Observation
Forms of Observation

1. Controlled Observation.
2. Natural Observation
3. Participant Observation
Controlled Observation

It is usually used in experimental research and

is done under a standard procedure. It provides
more reliable data (obtained through
structured and well-defined process). The
procedure can be replicated, and the data are
easier to analyze. Lastly, the observer
performs a non-participant role (i.e. does not
interact with the participants).
 Natural Observation

It is carried out in a non-controlled setting. It has

greater ecological validity (i.e. flexibility of the
findings to be generalized to real-life contexts). It
also responds to other areas of inquiry not initially
intended by the researcher. Its major limitation is
its strength to establish a causal relationship due
to the presence of extraneous variables which can
affect the behavior of the participants
Participant Observation

It allows the observer to become a member of

the group or community that the participants
belong to. It can be performed covertly (i.e.
participants are not aware of the purpose
behind the observation. It can be done also
overtly, wherein participants know the intention
or objectives of the observation
 Different Roles of a Researcher
during a Participant Observation

Observa
tional Description
Role
Complete Observe the spontaneous natural
observe behavior of the participants with as few
r external factors affecting it as possible.
The observer is neither seen nor noticed
by the participants. The participants are
 Different Roles of a Researcher
during a Participant Observation

Observa
tional Description
Role
Observer Researcher does not prioritize recording
as spontaneous or natural behavior with as few
participant external factors affecting it as possible. The
observer is known and recognized by the
participants as part of their group or community
 Different Roles of a Researcher
during a Participant Observation

Observa
- tional Description
Role
Participant Researcher does not primarily aim to capture
as spontaneous or natural behavior. The observer
observer is considered a researcher and not a member of
the group or community which is being
investigated. However, the observer is fully
engaged with the participants.
 Different Roles of a Researcher
during a Participant Observation

Observa
- tional Description
Role
Complete Researcher is to observe the spontaneity or natural
participant behavior of the participant with as few external factors
affecting it as possible. Taking this role raises ethical
issues about possible deception. He acts like an
“undercover” member of the community. He fully
involved with the participants who are unaware that
they are being observed.
Guidelines in Conducting an
Observation

Before the During the After the

Observatio Observatio Observatio
n n n
Before the Observation

 Clarify the research objectives.

 Be ready with observation checklist.
 Determine your time of observation and
collection technique.
 Record only relevant information.
 Prepare consent form for human observation.
During the Observation

 Make sure to note the date, time, and

place where the observation is conducted.
 Limit the person who will observe.
 Explain the purpose of the observation to
participants if applicable.
During the Observation

 Avoid causing disruptions while observing.

 Make sure to guarantee anonymity of
participants.
 Make use of multiple recording schemes such
as taking notes, videos, audios, and photos
but with proper ethical considerations.
After the Observation

 Code or arrange the data gathered

according to the variables of the study.
 Tabulate the data, use numerical value for
quantitative research.
 Review the data gathered to determine
the gaps before proceeding.
USEFUL ONLINE TOOLS

1. Google Forms
2. Different Formats of Online Survey Tools
([Link])
Google Forms

= are free online forms that allows the

researcher to construct, administer, and
analyze surveys.
Step-by-step on how to use the
google forms:

Step 1: Set up a new form or quiz

1. Go to [Link].
2. Click Blank .
3. A new form will open.
Step-by-step on how to use the
google forms:

Step 2: Edit and format a form or quiz (You can

add, edit, or format text, images, or videos in a
form.)
1. Edit your form.
2. Create a quiz/survey with Google Forms.
3. Choose where to save form responses.
Step-by-step on how to use the
google forms:

Step 3: Send your form for people to fill out

1. When you are ready, you can send
your
form to others and collect their
responses.
 Different Formats of Online Survey
Tools ([Link])

6. Slider Scale
1. Radio Buttons
7. Star Ranking
2. Checkboxes
8. Net Promoter Score
3. Drop Down Menus
(NPS)
4. Drag and Drop
9. Image Select
5. Likert Scale
10. Matrix
Radio Buttons
Checkboxes
Drop Down Menus
Drag and Drop
Likert Scale
Slider Scale
Star Ranking
Net Promoter Score (NPS)
Image Select
 Matrix

Province General Community Modified General Community Enhanced Community

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Oriental

Bukidnon   
Agusan del   
Norte

Camiguin   
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Occidental
Ethical Considerations in Data
Collection of Quantitative Research

= should always be practiced especially when

human participants are involved. Researchers
ensure that participants are treated properly;
especially during data collection. The use of
consent form respects the right of every
participant to be informed and to make
voluntary participation.
Informed Consent Form

= a document that provides the participants

with the information they need in deciding
whether they will participate or not in your
study.
Contents of Informed Consent

1. Background of your study (Title of the

Study, Purpose of the Study)
2. Name of Researchers and the Institution
you are affiliated with
3. Data Collection Procedure
Contents of Informed Consent

4. Possible discomfort or risk factors

5. Anonymity of the participants and their
responses
6. Termination of Research (may refuse to
participate anytime)
Contents of Informed Consent

7. Authorization of the Participants

(participants acknowledge the conditions
that they will be subject to the study)
 Application. Observe Me!

Directions: What type of observation is illustrated in

the following observation notes? Write the letter of
your choice on your paper. Choose from the choices
below:
A. complete observer B. observer as
participant
C. participant as observer D. complete participant
Application. Observe Me!

1. A doctor watching a patient's reaction to a

medication.
2. Pilots watching their monitors for airplane
movements and locations.
3. A biology teacher recording the daily data
on bacteria growth at the Bio laboratory.
Application. Observe Me!

4. A guidance counselor watching a friend's

reaction to her barkada’s confession.
5. An adviser watching her students work
during independent work time.
6. An online tutorial company manager
observing the conversation of the
interviewer and the applicant to determine
Application. Observe Me!

7. A principal observing a math teacher

gives a lesson to her class to evaluate her
performance as an educator.
8. A parent is watching her children interact
with other children on the playground.
9. An actress is watching her movie premier
unfold on the big screen.
Application. Observe Me!

10. A group of Grade 12 students went to

BFAR to perform certain duties as what the
workers are doing.