Module – I

D.C. Circuits and

Electromagnetism
 Module – I : DC Circuits and Electromagnetism
D.C. Circuits: Power Generation:

 Introduction  Renewable & Non-Renewable energy

 Ohm’s law sources
Hydel
 Series Circuits Nuclear
 Parallel Circuits Solar
 Series parallel Combination circuits Wind power generation

 Kirchhoff's Current Law

 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
 Illustrative problems
 Module 1a: D.C. Circuits
D.C. : The current which does not vary with time is direct current

Active Elements :
The elements of a circuit that possess energy of their own and can impact it on
other elements. Eg. Sources ( Voltage source & Current source)
Passive Elements :
The elements which does not possess energy of their own and they receive energy
from sources are called passive elements. Eg. Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors.
Representation of D.C. Sources

Ideal Voltage Source: The voltage generated by

the source does not vary with any circuit quantity.
It is only a function of time. Such a source is called
as ideal voltage source.

Ideal Current Source:

The current generated by the source does not vary
with any circuit quantity. It is only a function of
time. Such a source is called as ideal current
source.
Electric current: The rate at which the electric charge is transferred across a point in a conductor is
known as electric current. The unit of Electric Current is Ampere (A)

Electric Potential: At any point in a charged conductor is defined as the workdone to bring a unit
positive charge from infinity to that point. The unit is Volts(V).

Potential difference: Between any two points of the charged conductor is the amount of work that
has to be done to bring the unit positive charge from lower potential to higher potential. The unit is
Volts(V).

Power: It is defined as the rate at which work is done. The unit is Watt(W)

Energy: The capacity to do the work. The unit is Joules/watt - Seconds

Linear Elements :
In an electric circuit, a linear element is an electrical element with a linear
relationship between current and voltage. Resistors are the most common example
of a linear element other examples include capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
Nonlinear Elements :
A nonlinear element is one which does not have a linear input/output relation. In a
diode, for example, the currents a non-linear function of the voltage . Most
semiconductor devices have non-linear characteristics.
OHM’S LAW:

Georg Simon Ohm, Ohm’s Law Magic Triangle

German physicist,
16 March 1789 - 6 July 1854

V V
I ( amperes , A )
I R R
Where: I is the current (amperes)
V is the potential difference V V
R (ohms ,  )
(volts) I R I
R is the resistance (ohms)
V
V I R ( volts, V )
I R
OHM’S LAW:
When the temperature remains constant, the current flowing through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference across it.

Ie, IαV
I =V/R
V=RI

Limitations of the Ohm’s law are,

(i) It is not applicable to the nonlinear devices such as diodes, Zener diodes, voltage regulators etc.
(ii) It does not hold good for non-metallic conductors such as silicon carbide.
(iii) It is applicable only with constant temperature and physical parameters of the
conductors.
(iv) It is not applicable to arc lamps because arc produces or exhibits non linear
characteristics.
Difference between Series circuit & Parallel
circuit
Voltage Division in Series Circuit
of Resistors
Consider a series circuit of two resistors R and R connected to source
1 2
of V volts. As two resistors are connected in series, the current flowing
through both the resistors is same, i.e. I. Then applying KVL, we get,

V=I +I

I=
Voltage Division in Series Circuit
of Resistors
Total voltage applied is equal to the sum of voltage drops VR1 and VR2

Therefore, V = I
across R1 and R2 respectively.

V=I

So in general, voltage drop across any resistors or

combination of resistors in a series circuit is equal to the
ratio of that resistance value, to the total resistance
Current Division in Parallel Circuit of Resistors
Consider a parallel circuit of two resistors R1 and R2 connected across a
source of V volts. Current through R1 is and R2 is , while total current
drawn from source is IT

= + ------------(1)

=
------------(2)
 Current Division in Parallel Circuit of Resistors
Substituting equation (2) in (1)
𝐼 2 𝑅2
𝐼𝑇 = + 𝐼2
𝑅1
( +1)

()

()

()

In general, the current in any branch is equal to the ratio of opposite branch to the
total resistance value, multiplied by the total current in the circuit
 A. Find the Req of the circuit

A.
B.

Req = 2.5 Ω
B. Find the current supplied by the source
2 2 2 2

+ -
10V

Step1: Name the different nodes 2 Step3:

0.67Reduce
 the parallel elements
into
2
one single element a
2 2 2 c
a b c d
e
b
e 1 1 1 1
d   
R 2 2 2

+ -
+ - R 0.67Ω
10V
10V

Step2: Rearrange the elements as shown below Step 4: Reduce the series elements
2
into one single element 2.67
a e
2
2
R 2  0.67 2.67Ω
a
b
c
e
+ -
d
2 10V
10
I 3.75A
+ - 2.67
10V
 C. Reduce the given network into a single element
A
network between A and
[Link] all the resistances of 1Ω each.

Step1: Name the different nodes. Step2: Reduce parallel elements into
one single element between C and B.
A
A

1 1 1
D
 
D
R1 1 1
R 1 0.5Ω
C C

R1

B
B
Step3: Reduce the series elements between D and B as shown below
A

R 2 1  0.5 1.5Ω
D
R 3 1  1 2Ω
R3 R2

Step4: Reduce the parallel resistances between D and B into one single
element as shown
A

1 1 1
 
D R4 2 1.5
2x1.5
R4 R4  0.86Ω
2  1.5
B
Step5: Reduce the series resistances between A and B as one single element
as shown below
A

R5
R 5 1  0.86 1.86Ω

B
D . Reduce the series parallel network into a single network between the
nodes X and Y X

6 3 1
2 2 2 3
2 6
Y

Step1: Name the different nodes as shown below

X M

6 3 1
2 2 2 3
2 6
Y
N

Step2: Reduce the series elements between X and M into one single element and also reduce the series
elements between N and Y into one single element as shown below (All the resistances are in series between
X and M and similarly all the resistances between N and Y are in series)
6
X M
6
3

6 Y
N
6
D . Reduce the series parallel network into a single network between the nodes X and Y

Step3: Reduce the parallel elements between X and M into one single resistance and also those between N and Y
into one single resistance as shown below
X

3 3

3
Y

Step4: All the resistances are in series between X and Y .

X Y

9

Total resistances between X and Y=3Ω+3Ω+3Ω=9Ω

Kirchhoff’s Law

1) Kirchhoff’s Current
law:
2) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:
 Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s Current law:

"Algebraic sum of all currents meeting at a node is zero in any I=0
electric circuit"
OR
"Sum of all currents entering a node is equal to sum of all
Convention
currents leaving a node in any electrical circuit"
Current entering the node is positive ( + Ve)
Current leaving the node is negative ( - Ve)
Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:

“In any closed electrical circuit algebraic sum of products of currents and
resistances(Voltage drops) and algebraic sum of all the emfs in that circuit is Zero”

E+ IR=0

𝑬 =𝑰 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑰 𝑹 𝟐
Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:

(1)Sign Conventions to be followed while Applying KVL
Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:

(2) Sign Conventions to be followed while Applying KVL
When current flows through a resistance, the voltage drop occurs across the
resistance. The polarity of this voltage drop always depends on direction of the
current. The current always flows from higher potential to lower potential.

(a)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:
Example 1 : Steps to solve the circuit by using KVL & KCL

STEP 1: Indicate the junction name

 Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:
STEP 2: Indicate the current direction and apply KCL if required

STEP 3: Indicate the sign convention for the parameters given in

the circuit
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:
STEP 4: Indicate the Loop direction

Loop abcda Loop dcefd

𝑬 𝟏− 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 − ( 𝑰 𝟏 − 𝑰 𝟐¿ ( 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰 𝟐 ) −
𝑹 𝑰𝟑
𝟐 𝑹+
𝟐 𝑬¿
𝟐 𝟎
) 𝑹𝟑 𝟎
𝑬 𝟏 − 𝑰 𝟏 𝑹𝟏 − 𝑰 𝟏 𝑹𝟑 +𝑰 𝟐 𝑹 𝟑=𝟎 𝑰 𝟏 𝑹𝟑 − 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹 𝟑 − 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹𝟐 +𝑬 𝟐=𝟎
𝑰 𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑰 𝟏 𝑹𝟑 − 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹 𝟑= 𝑬 𝟏 − − −
−(𝟏)
𝑰 𝟏 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹 𝟐= 𝑬 𝟐 − − −( 𝟐)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:
Example 2 :

Loop ABCDA
1. Determine the currents in the circuit shown below
1. Determine the currents in the circuit shown below
1. Determine the currents in the circuit shown below

Loop 1: dabcd From equation 1, 2 & 3 we get

------(1)
= 2.55 A

Loop 2:cbehc
3------(2)

Loop 3: hefgh
------(3)
2. In the network shown below, find the current flowing in each branch using Kirchhoff's Law
[Link] the network shown below, find the current flowing in each branch using Kirchhoff's Law
2. In the network shown below, find the current flowing in each branch using Kirchhoff's Law

Loop 1: ABDA

Loop 2: BCDB

Loop 3: ADCEFA

From equation 1, 2 & 3 we get

= 12.685 A
3. For the circuit shown below, Determine the branch currents
3. For the circuit shown below, Determine the branch currents

Loop 1: BAOB

------(1)
Loop 2: AOCA

------(2)
Loop 3: BOCB

CB 2.5 A ------(3)
BO 0.5 A
AO 0A From equation 1, 2 & 3 we get
= 2.5 A
BA 2A
OC 0.5 A
AC 2A
4. In the parallel arrangement of resistors shown, the current
flowing in the 8Ω resistor is 2.5 amperes. Find (i) Current in
other resistors (ii) resistor X (iii) equivalent resistance
8

XΩ

40
4A

25

Step1: Name the branch currents

I1 8

I2 XΩ

I3 4 0
4A

I4 2 5
4. In the parallel arrangement of resistors shown, the current
flowing in the 8Ω resistor is 2.5 amperes. Find (i) Current in other
resistors (ii) resistor X
(iii) equivalent resistance 8

Step2: Calculate the voltage across 8Ω resistor XΩ

40
4A
8I1=8x2.5=20V
25
Step3: Calculate the currents I2, I3 and I4
Voltage across the parallel branches remain the same

V40=40I3=20

I3=0.5A

V25=25I4=20

I4=0.8A

I=I1+I2+I3+I4

4=2.5+I2+0.5+0.8
[Link] the parallel arrangement of resistors shown, the current
flowing in the 8Ω resistor is 2.5 amperes. Find (i) Current in
other resistors (ii) resistor X (iii) equivalent resistance
8

step4: Calculate the resistor X XΩ

VX=20=XI2=X0.2
40
X=100Ω 4A

25

Step5: Calculate the equivalent resistance

1 1 1 1 1
   
R eq 8 100 40 25

Req=5Ω
[Link] the potential difference between the points
X and Y in the circuit shown below.

I1=V/R =2/5 =0.4A,

I2=V/R =4/8 = 0.5A

VXY=3I1 + 4 - 3I2 By substituting I1 & I2

VXY= 3.7 Volts (X is higher potential than Y)

6. Find the currents in various branches of the given network
shown in below
6. Find the currents in various branches of the given network
shown in below

Step1: Name the nodes and apply KCL at all the nodes

Step2: Apply KVL to the closed loop ABCDEFA,

-0.02I-0.02(I-80)-0.03(I+10)-0.02(I-140)-0.01(I-20)-0.01(I-100)=0

-0.11I+1.6-0.3+2.8+0.2+1=0

-0.11I= -5.3

I=48.18A
6. Find the currents in various branches of the given network
shown in below

100A

80A

80A

0.01 0.02

120A 90A

150A

Step1: Name the nodes and apply KCL at all the nodes

Step2: Apply KVL to the closed loop ABCDEFA,

-0.02I-0.02(I-80)-0.03(I+10)-0.02(I-140)-0.01(I-20)-0.01(I-100)=0

-0.11I+1.6-0.3+2.8+0.2+1=0

-0.11I= -5.3

I=48.18A
6. Find the currents in various branches of the given network shown in below

Step3: To find Branch Currents, we know that

I=48.18A
7. Find the value of resistance ‘R’ as shown in Figure, so that the current
drawn from the source is 250 mA. All the resistor values are in ohm.
R

40

+
30
5V

-
40
Step1: Reduce the network as shown
40R

+
30

+
40  R 48000 2400R
+

30 5V

-
5V

-
5V
-

2800110R
1600 80R
40 40  R
V= IR (by ohms law)
 48000  2400R  3 R=40 Ohm
5   x 250x 10
 2800  110R 
[Link] the circuit shown below find the value of DC
current through load resistance(6 Ohm) using
Kirchhoff’s law
Applying Kirchoffs voltage law for the loop acdba

-84 + 12I1 + (I1+I2)6=0

18I1 + 6I2 – 84 = 0 ------ (I)

Applying Kirchoffs voltage law for the loop cfedc

- (I1+I2)6 - 3I2 + 21=0

-6I1 - 9I2 + 21 = 0 ----- (II)

By solving (I) and (II) we get

I2=-1amps

But I2=-1 in eq(II) we get

I1 = 5 amps

Current through RL = (I1+I2) = 5 + (-1) = 4 amps

[Link] the current supplied by each battery in the network
shown here.
2 1

30V 3 20V

Step1: Name the nodes as shown in the figure given below and also assume the branch
currents by applying KCL.
[Link] the current supplied by each battery in the
network shown
Step2: Apply KVL tohere .
the closed loops abefa and bcdeb
Consider the loop abefa, 2 1
 2I1  3(I 1  I 2 )  30 0
5I1  3I 2 30 -------------------------(1)
Consider the loop bcdeb, 30V 3 20V

1I 2  20  3(I 1  I 2 ) 0
3I 1  4I 2 20-----------------(2)

Step3: Solve Equations (1) and (2) to obtain I1 and I2

I1=5.45 A

I2=0.91 A
30V battery is discharging and supplies 5.45A
20V battery is discharging and supplies 0.91A
POWER GENERATION
Thank You