EXPERIMENT NAME
DETERMINATION OF THE
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
USING A SIMPLE PENDULUM AND
APPLYING THE LINEAR LEAST
SQUARES REGRESSION METHOD.
SUBMIT TED BY: SUBMIT TING TO
[Link](25-62958-2)
MD. AS AD AL ADIL(25-62941-2) [Link] KABIR BHUIYAN
[Link] KARIM(25-62962-2)
YASIR ARAFAT(25-62846-2)
Objectives & Prelab
Objectives
The main objective of this lab is to determine
the acceleration due to gravity in the lab with a
simple pendulum. Also to learn how the linear
least square regression method can be used to find
the regression line for a set of data.
Prelab
Student should read the lab manual
and have clear idea about the
objective, time frame and outcomes of
the lab.
Theor
y
The time period (T) of small-angle oscillation of a simple pendulum (a metal
bob attached to a light string and suspended vertically) is given by:
T=
2π√(L/g)
Where:
• L = eff ective length (from point
of suspension to center of bob)
• g = acceleration
due to gravity
Rearranging, we
get: T² = (4π²/g) L
Thus, a graph of T² vs L gives a straight line through the origin (y = mx),
To find the slope (m) of the regression line for
T² vs L:
m = [Σ(xᵢyᵢ) - (Σxᵢ)(Σyᵢ)/N] / [Σ(xᵢ²) -
(Σxᵢ)²/N] Intercept: c = ȳ - m x
Where:
x̄ = mean of x
values ȳ = mean
of y values
Summations
used: Σxᵢ = x₁ +
x₂ + ... + x₇ Σyᵢ =
y₁ + y₂ + ... + y₇
Σ(xᵢyᵢ) = x₁y₁ + x₂y₂ + ... +
x₇y₇
Σ(xᵢ²) = x₁² + x₂² + ... + x₇²
APPARATU
S
Metal Clam Stopwatc
Bob p h
Meter Stan Strin
PROCEDUR
Attach a light pieceE
of string with the hook of the metal bob. Find the
length L of the pendulum with a meter scale from the point of
suspension to the mid-point of the bob.
Give a small angle (less than 10 degrees) swing to the pendulum.
Find the time period, T.
To do it, measure the total time for 20 oscillations and divide it by 20.
Repeat the procedure for diff erent lengths and record the data in
table 1.1.
Using the values of L and T calculate the value of g for each set of data.
Also calculate the mean value of g and the standard deviation using
equation.
Using the Linear Least Square Regression Method (LLSRM) fi nd the
regression line and
from the value of slope fi nd g from the relation: slope = 472/g.
Plot the T? vs L linear regression line in excel.
Compare the mean value of g and the value obtained by LLSRM with
the reference value of g by calculating the percentage of diff erence in
Experimental
Data
Analysi
s
A. The value of g using the Linear Least Square Regression Method
(LLSRM):
m = [Σxᵢyᵢ - (Σxᵢ)(Σyᵢ)/N] / [Σxᵢ² - (Σxᵢ²/N]
>This shows how the time period squared (T²) changes with the pendulum
length (L) x̄ = Σxᵢ / N = 560 / 7 = 80 cm (The mean Length)
ȳ = Σyᵢ / N = 23.16 / 7 = 3.31 s² (The mean T^2)
> These represent the average values of the data points used in regression.
Intercept:
c = ȳ - m × x
= 0.1115 s²
> This value indicates the small offset in the linear relationship due to experimental error.
Acceleration due to gravity by LLSRM:
g_L = (4π²) / m = 9.86 m/s²
> This is the gravity value obtained from the regression line, considered
the most accurate method.
B. The mean value of g from the data:
gₘ = (g₁ + g₂ + g₃ + g₄ + g₅ + g₆ + g₇) / N= 9.8321 m/s²
> This is the average of all calculated g values.
v Standard deviation:
σ = √[(1/N) Σ(gᵢ - gₘ)²] = 44.1159 cm/s²
> It shows the spread or consistency of the measured values ➤ A smaller σ means the experiment was more
precise.
C. Percentage of difference between mean value and Reference
value:
% difference = (gM-g)/g× 100 = 4•88%
> The difference = 4.88%
>This means the average measured value was 4.88% lower than
the true gravitational value (9.81 m/s²).
D. Percentage of difference between LLSRM value and Reference
value (g = 9.81 m/s)
%difference
> The difference = 0.5%
>This shows that the LLSRM method gave a much closer result
to the theoretical value of g.
Resul
t:
Discussio
n
[Link] might be some instrumental error in slide calipers
so that there were some diffi culties while measuring
the bob.
[Link] measuring the oscillation of the bob there might
be some error because the bob wasn’t moving freely
because of some
[Link] might frictional
be some problem.
error while measuring the thread
[Link] might be able achieve the exact value by using wire
instead of using rope.
[Link] string stand was not properly straight.
DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS?
Thank You!