Oscillators
D.C. Kulshreshtha
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Need of an Oscillator
An oscillator circuit is capable of producing
ac voltage of desired frequency and
waveshape.
To test performance of electronic circuits, it
is called signal generator.
It can produce square, pulse, triangular, or
sawtooth waveshape.
High frequency oscillator are used in
broadcasting.
Microwave oven uses an oscillator.
Used for induction heating and dielectric
heating.
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Types of Oscillators
Sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal.
An oscillator generating square wave or
a pulse train is called multivibrator :
1. Bistable multivibrator (Flip-Flop Circuit).
2. Monostable multivibrator.
3. Astable multivibrator (Free-running).
Depending upon type of feedback, we
have
1. Tuned Circuit (LC) oscillators.
2. RC oscillators, and
Crystal oscillators.
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3.
Oscillators 3
Using Positive Feedback
• The gain with positive feedback is
given as
• By making 1 – Aβ = 0, or Aβ = 1, we
get gain as infinity.
• This condition (Aβ = 1) is known as
Barkhausen Criterion of oscillations.
• It means you get output without any
input !
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How is it Possible ?
Connecting point x to y, feedback
voltage drives the amplifier.
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• What happens to the output ?
• There are three possibilities.
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(1) If Aβ < 1, we get decaying of
damped oscillations.
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(2) If Aβ > 1, we get growing
oscillations.
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(3) If Aβ = 1, we get sustained
oscillations. In this case, the circuit
supplies its own input signal.
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Wherefrom comes the starting
voltage ?
Each resistor is a noise generator.
The feedback network is a resonant
circuit giving maximum feedback
voltage at frequency f0, providing
phase shift of 0° only at this frequency.
The initial loop gain Aβ > 1.
The oscillations build up only at this
frequency.
After the desired output is reached, Aβ
reduces to unity.
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Tank Circuit
• LC parallel circuit is called tank
circuit.
• Once excited, it oscillates at
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The energy keeps oscillating between
electric potential energy and magnetic
filed energy.
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Damped oscillations are produced.
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Tuned Collector Oscillator
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Same circuit from ac point of
view.
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RC Oscillators
Two types :
1. RC Phase shift Oscillator.
2. Wein Bridge Oscillator.
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RC Phase shift Oscillator
(Using phase-lead circuits)
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RC Phase shift Oscillator
(Using phase-lag circuits)
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• A phase-lead or phases-lag circuit
can provide phase shift between 0° and
90°.
• For total phase shift 180°, we use
three identical sections each giving a
phase shift of 60°.
&
• It means in the beginning the gain
of the FET amplifier must be greater
than 29.
• Not very popular, as the frequency
cannot be adjusted over large range.
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Solution :
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Crystal Oscillator
Used when accuracy and stability of fo is
utmost important.
Where do you need such high stability
of frequency of oscillations ?
Instead of an inductor, it uses a crystal
of quartz, tourmaline, or Rochelle salt.
Piezoelectric effect.
The crystal is suitably cut and then
mounted between two metallic plates.
The fundamental frequency is given as
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Cm (mounting capacitance) = 3.5
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pF;
Oscillators 24
Crystals have incredibly high Q.
For the given values, Q = 5500.
Q as high as 100 000 can be
possible.
An LC circuit has Q not greater than
100.
The extremely high value of Q
makes fo highly stable.
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Normally, Cs is much smaller than Cm.
Therefore, Cp is slightly less than Cs.
Hence, the frequency fp is slightly
greater than fs.
The crystal is inductive only between
the frequencies fs and fp.
The frequency of oscillation must lie
between these frequencies.
Hence the stability.
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The fo is between 411 kHz and 412
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Crystal Oscillator Circuit.
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Review
Need of an Oscillator. Hartley Oscillator.
Types of Oscillators .
Colpitts Oscillator.
Using Positive
Feedback. RC Phase Shift
Barkhausen Criterion of
Oscillator.
Oscillations.
Starting Voltage . Wien Bridge
Tank Circuit. Oscillator.
Tuned Collector Crystal Oscillator.
Oscillator.
Series and Parallel
Tuned-Drain Oscillator.
Resonance
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