Digital Modulation
2
Let's Recall...
• Both analog and digital modulation systems use
analog carriers to transport the information signal.
• In analog modulation, the information is also
analog, whereas with digital modulation, the
information is digital which could be computer
generated data or digitally encoded analog signals.
Digital Modulation
• Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog
signals between two or more points in a
communications system.
• Can be propagated through Earth’s atmosphere
and used in wireless communication system -
digital radio.
• Offer several outstanding advantages over
traditional analog system.
• Ease of processing
• Ease of multiplexing
• Noise immunity
Applications
• Low speed voice band data comm. modems
• High speed data transmission systems
• Digital microwave & satellite comm. systems
• PCS (personal communication systems)
telephone
Why Digital Modulation?
Digital Radio System Block
Diagram
Digital Radio System Block Diagram
• Precoder performs level conversion & encodes
incoming data into group of bits that modulate an
analog carrier.
• Modulated carrier filtered, amplified & transmitted
through transmission medium to Rx.
• In Rx, the incoming signals filtered, amplified & applied
to the demodulator and decoder circuits which extracts
the original source information from modulated carrier.
Information Capacity, Bits,
Bit Rate, Baud, M-ary Encoding
• Information capacity, Bits & Bit Rate
• Information capacity is a measure of how much
information can be propagated through a
communication system and is a function of
bandwidth and transmission time.
• Represents the number of independent symbols
that can be carried through a system in a given unit
of time.
• Basic digital symbol is the binary digit or bit.
• Express the information capacity as a bit rate – the
number of bits transmitted during one second (bps).
Hartley’s Law
Shannon’s Formula
I B log 2 (1 NS ) or I 3.32 B log10 (1 NS )
Where
I = information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
= signal to noise power ratio (unitless)
The higher S/N the better the performance and the higher
the information capacity
M-ary Encoding
M-ary Encoding
Example
3-Bit ADC
Baud
Bit Rate Vs Baud
Nyquist Sampling Rate
Nyquist Bandwidth
• According to H. Nyquist, binary digital signals can
be transmitted through an ideal noisless medium at
a rate equal to two times the bandwidth of the
medium. (fb=2B)
• The minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to
propagate a signal is called the minimum Nyquist
bandwidth or the minimum Nyquist frequency.
fb
baud
N
Digital Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• The simplest digital modulation technique
• A binary information signal is directly modulates
the amplitude of an analog carrier.
• Similar to standard AM except there are only two
output amplitudes possible.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Changes in amplitude
of the carrier signal
A binary information signal directly modulates the amplitude of an
analog carrier.
Sometimes called Digital Amplitude Modulation (DAM)
vask (t ) [1 vm (t )] cos(c t ) A
2
Where vask (t) = amplitude shift keying wave The modulating
signal is the
vm(t) = digital information signal (volt) normalized
binary waveform
A/2 = unmodulated carrier amplitude (volt)
ωc = analog carrier radian frequency (rad/s)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
OOK
• On-Off Keying (OOK) is the simplest form of ASK.
• A carrier is transmitted for a 1-bit and nothing is
transmitted for a 0-bit.
Digital Amplitude
Modulation
A cos(ct ) for logic '1' , vm (t ) 1V
vask (t )
0 for logic '0' , vm (t ) 1V
Some notes...
• When the binary input is high, the output is a
constant-amplitude, constant-frequency signal.
• When the binary input is low, the carrier is off.
• The rate of change of the ASK waveform (baud) is
equal to the rate of change of the binary input
(bps), therefore bit rate is equal to baud.
• Note that in all forms of ASK, the frequency and
phase of the carrier are the same for both symbols;
it is the amplitude that changes
Example
Determine the minimum bandwidth and baud
necessary to pass a 10 kbps binary signal using
amplitude shift keying.
Solution:
ASK : N=1 (since M=2), and the minimum bandwidth
are
fb fb 10,000 f b
B B f b 10,000 baud
log 2 M N 1 1
Example
• Sketch an OOK signal that represents the bit stream
below, if the bit rate is Rb = 20 kbps.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• A relatively simple digital modulation technique
• Similar to standard FM except the modulating
signal is the binary signal that varies between 2
discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously
changing analog waveform.
Sometimes called as Binary Frequency Shift Keying
(BFSK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency
modulation scheme in which digital information is
transmitted through discrete frequency changes
(shifts) of a carrier wave. The simplest form of FSK
is Binary FSK (BFSK), in which a carrier’s frequency
is shifted to a low frequency or a high frequency to
transmit 0s and 1s.
Did you know….
• FSK was used “back in the day” with dial-up
modems to connect your home computer to your
Internet service provider over your analog phone.
With a modem, a 0-bit was represented with a
lower frequency carrier of 1070 Hz and a 1-bit was
represented with a higher carrier frequency of 1270
Hz. The lower frequency, binary 0, was called the
“space” frequency while the higher frequency,
binary 1, was called the “mark” frequency. The
terms mark/space were a throwback to the days of
Morse code or flashing light communications.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• In the frequency domain, we use two carrier
frequencies and consider FSK to be two different
digital transmissions, one at the mark frequency
(the higher frequency) and one at the space
frequency (lower frequency).
Changes in the freq of
the carrier signal
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
The phase shift in carrier frequency (∆f) is proportional to the
amplitude of the binary input signal (vm(t)) and the direction of the
shift is determined by the polarity
v fsk (t ) Vc cos2 [ f c vm (t ) f ]t
Where vfsk(t) = binary FSK waveform
Vc = peak analog carrier amplitude (volt)
The
modulating fc = analog carrier center frequency (Hz)
signal is a
normalized ∆f = peak shift in analog carrier frequency (Hz)
binary
vm(t) = binary input signal (volt)
waveform
Vc cos2 [ f c f ]t for logic '1' , vm (t ) 1
v fsk (t )
Vc cos2 [ f c f ]t for logic '0' , vm (t ) 1
lower frequency Higher
or space frequency
frequency or mark
frequency
fm fs
f ,
2
where
f frequency deviation (Hz)
f m f s absolute difference between mark & space frequency (Hz)
FSK Bandwidth
• the bandwidth effectively runs from the first null to
the left of fspace to the first null to the right of fmark.
B ( f m f b ) ( f s f b ) f m f s 2 f b 2(f f b )
37
Binary Input Frequency Output
0 Space (fs)
1 Mark (fm)
Baud for FSK determined by setting N=1
fb
baud f b
1
38
Example 4.6
For an FSK signal, given a mark frequency = 49kHz, a
space frequency = 51kHz and input bit rate =2kbps.
Determine
(a) The peak frequency deviation
(b) Minimum bandwidth
(c) Baud for a binary FSK signal
Ans: 1kHZ,6kHz,2000
39
Solution
The peak frequency deviation
| 49kHz 51kHz |
f 1kHz.
2
Minimum bandwidth
B 2(1000 2000) 6kHz
Baud for a binary FSK signal, for FSK,N=1
2000
Baud 2000
1
40
BW using the Bessel Table
Bessel functions can also be used to determine the approximate bandwidth for
an FSK wave
BW using the Bessel Table
Solve for the modulation index (h):
• the peak frequency deviation in FSK is constant and
always at its maximum value, and the highest
fundamental frequency is equal to half the
incoming bit rate.
FSK Modulator
Non-Coherent FSK Demodulator
Coherent PSK Demodulator
PLL-FSK Demodulator
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Another form of angle-modulated, constant amplitude digital
modulation.
• Binary digital signal input & limited number of output phases
possible.
• M-ary digital modulation scheme with the number of output
phases defined by M.
• The simplest PSK is Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)
• N= 1, M=2
• Two phases possible for carrier with one phase for logic 1 and another
phase for logic 0
• The output carrier shifts between two angles separated by 180°
49
M=2,
N=1
a) Truth Table b) Phasor Diagram c) Constellation Diagram
50
BPSK Transmitter
• Balanced modulator –
phase reversing switch
where
f a max imum fundamental frequencyof the binaryinput (Hz)
f c reference carrier frequency(Hz)
51
Output Phase vs Time
Relationship of a BPSK Modulator
Some Calculations....
B fb Minimum Double-Sided Nyquist Bandwidth
Example:
Solution:
B=75Mhz-65Mhz=10MHz
baud = fb = 10 megabaud
BPSK Receiver
Review: Forms of Digital Modulation
v(t ) V sin( 2ft )
FSK
ASK PSK
QAM
Forms of Digital Modulation
v(t ) V sin( 2ft )
•If the amplitude, V of the carrier is varied
proportional to the information signal, a digital
modulated signal is called Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK)
•If the frequency, f of the carrier is varied
proportional to the information signal, a digital
modulated signal is called Frequency Shift
Keying (FSK)
•If the phase, θ of the carrier is varied proportional to
the information signal, a digital modulated signal is