CHAPTER 2 -

METHODOLOG
Y
 Chapter 2 – Methodology
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
GROUP 2
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGN

GROUP 1
YNA MARIE O.
ABELLA
JASON B.
QUANTITA
TIVE
RESEARC
H DESIGN

It is aimed at discovering how many people think, act, or feel in a

specific way. It involves a large sample sizes, concentrating on the
quantity of responses, as opposed to gaining the more focused or
emotional insight.

The design varies depending on the method used, which could be

telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews and surveys, also online
surveys. Other methodologies include SMS/Text Messages surveys, or
physical counts.

By utilizing quantitative-based research, the research design will

center on numerical data collection and analysis.
 The quantitative research design will serve as a strategy for
carrying out the entire research paper. In the process of
establishing it, you will need to answer questions such as the
following:

• What are your overall aims and approach?

• Which data collection methods will you use?
• Which data collection procedures will you use?
• What are your criteria for selecting samples or screening
research subjects?
• How will you prevent the possibility of inadvertent bias that may
skew your results?
• How will you analyze your data?

Researcher should also consider whether they need primary or

secondary data. Primary data refer to information that you collect
firsthand from sources such as study participants. Secondary data
refer to information that was originally collected by other researchers;
importantly, you will need to verify these sources’ reliability and validity.
 Main Types of Quantitative Research
Design

“
• DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

• CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN

• QUASI EXPERIMENTAL

• EXPERIMENTAL
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
DESCRIP
TIVE
RESEARC
H DESIGN

This type of quantitative research design is appropriate if you intend to

measure variables and perhaps establish associations between
variables. However, descriptive research cannot establish causal
relationships between variables.

Descriptive research is also referred to as “observational studies”

because your role is strictly that of an observer.

It answers the questions “what is” or “what was”

It focuses on answering the how, what, when, and where questions If

a research problem, rather than the why.
 METHODS IN DATA COLLECTION
UNDER
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

❖ Observational Method
The observational method allows researchers to collect data based
on their view of the behavior and characteristics of the respondent,
with the respondents themselves not directly having an input. It is
often used in market research, psychology, and some other social
science research to understand human behavior.
❖ Case Study Method
A case study is a sample group (an individual, a group of people,
organizations, events, etc.) whose characteristics are used to
describe the characteristics of a larger group in which the case
study is a subgroup. The information gathered from investigating a
case study may be generalized to serve the larger group.
❖ Survey Research
This is a very popular data collection method in research designs.
In survey research, researchers create a survey or questionnaire
and distribute it to respondents who give answers.
 CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
DESIGN

⮚ Correlational research is very similar to descriptive researchlso, like

descriptive research, the researcher conducting a correlational study
measures or evaluates the variables involved. The difference between
descriptive and correlational studies is that a correlational study seeks to
understand the relationship between the variables.

⮚ A correlational study can also establish whether this relationship has a

positive or negative direction. A positive correlation means that both
variables move in the same direction, whereas a negative correlation
means that the variables move in opposite directions.

❖ Looks at relationships or association between two or more variables.

 METHODS IN DATA COLLECTION UNDER
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN

• Survey Method
• Archival Data The survey method is
• Naturalistic the most common
Archival data is a type
Observation method of correlational
of correlational
Naturalistic observation is research. This method
research method that
a correlational research is very flexible as
involves making use
methodology that involves researchers can gather
of already gathered large amounts of data
observing people’s information about the in very little time.
behaviors as shown in the variables in However, it is subject
natural environment where correlational to survey response
they exist, over a period of research. Since this bias and can also be
time. It is a type of method involves affected by biased
research-field method that using data that is survey questions or
involves the researcher already gathered and under-representation
paying closing attention to analyzed, it is usually of survey respondents
natural behavior patterns of straight to the point. or participants.
the subjects under
consideration.
 Types of Correlational
Research
• Positive • Negative • Zero
Correlational Correlational Correlational
Research Research
Positive correlational
research is a Negative Zero correlational
research method correlational research is a type
involving two research is a of correlational
variables that are research method research that
statistically involving two involves 2
corresponding variables that are variables that are
where an increase statistically not necessarily
or decrease in 1 opposite where an statistically
variable creates a increase in one of connected. In this
like change in the the variables case, a change in
other. creates an one of the
alternate effect or variables may not
decrease in the trigger a
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
DESCRIPTIVE AND CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH

DESCRIPTIONS CHARACTERISTICS PREDICTIONS

Descriptive research aims

is a type of research that
Descriptive research
provides an in-depth
provides descriptive data Predictions cannot be
understanding of the
explaining what the made in descriptive
study population, while
research subject is about, research while correlation
correlational research is
while correlation research research accommodates
the type of research that
explores the relationship the possibility of making
measures the relationship
between data and not predictions.
between two variables.
their description.
ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE
CAUSE OR THE CONSEQUENCES
OF THE DIFFERENCE THAT
ALREADY EXIST BETWEEN OR
AMONG GROUPS OF INDIVIDUAL.
CAUSAL COMPARATIVE HAS AT
LEAST TWO DIFFERENT GROUP

• Dependent Variable
• Independent variables
 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CAUSAL
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

• The researcher attempts to determine the

cause or reason for pre existing difference in
groups of individual.
• Attempts to identify cause and effect
relationships.
• Involves in making comparison.
• Involves two or more variables.
• Cannot manipulate the independent variable.
 EXAMPLE

The relationship between years of

existence and job satisfaction
 Two types of causal
comparative research design

• Retrospective Causal Comparative

Research

• Prospective Causal Comparative

Research
 RETROSPECTIVE CAUSAL
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
• Studies start with effects and
investigate causes.
 RETROSPECTIVE CAUSAL
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
• Studies start with effects and investigate causes.

EXAMPLE STUDY
• A researcher interested in the
benefits of our exercise program on
reducing stress may select a group of
people who had enrolled on a stress
reduction exercise class and those
who had not and compares their
stress level.
 PROSPECTIVE CAUSAL
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
• Studies start with the causes and investigate the
effects.

EXAMPLE STUDY
• A researcher may hypothesize that
those children that attend dance
classes during elementary school have
higher self-esteem when in middle
school.
 What Is Causal
Comparative Research?
• Aim to determine causal relationship among variables.
• Bears resemblance to true experimental research (but
different).
• Participants are not randomly assigned.
• Involves conduct of pretest and posttest
 Characteristics of quasi
experimental

• Variable manipulation
• Conducted in a controlled setting
• Intervention is present
EXAMPLE
• Reading intervention program as aid for
student with low-level comprehension.
Pretest reading comprehension test
Intervention Reading intervention
program
POSTTEST READING
COMPREHENSION TEST
 If they had passed we can have the
conclusion that the reading intervention
program is effective in improving reading
comprehension of students with low-level
compression
Research design
⮚ Describes &
justifies the
design used in
the study
⮚ Narrative
description of
the research
design
Research design
Research design
Research design
 Research design

justification
GROUP 3
Research
Locale
Chapter 2
RESEARCH
LOCALE
• Discusses the site/s where the
sampling and data collection will take
place.

• Both presented in narrative and visual

forms, the research locale should give
the reader a picture of the location of
the study. Hence the researcher must
provide a detailed narrative description
of the locale and must show the
location map.

• Citing the reasons for choosing the

research locale is also encouraged.
Note that the researchers
should avoid using the Google
Map as a visual presentation in
the locale.
Example:

Figure 3. Map Location of the following Campus of Davao de Oro

State College
Research locale
Map
TYPES OF
SAMPLING
METHODS
0 02
1
Research
Types of Sampling

Method
Respondents/
Participants Probability Sampling
Method

Simple
random
sampling

Systematic sampling
 RESEaRCH RESPONDENTS/
PaRTICIPaNTS

Respondents are those individuals who

complete a survey or interview for the
researcher, or who provide data to be
analyzed for the research study.
Respondents can be any age, but
determined by the scope of the study,
and must agree to informed consent to
participate.
SaMPLING METHODS

Probability Sample Method

- every member of the population has chance
of being selected and mainly used in
quantitative research

Four main types of Probability

Sampling
Simple random
Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

every member of the population has an

equal chance of being selected
researcher can use tools like random
number generator or other techniques.
Slovin's formula

[Link] - is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the

population size (N) and a margin of error (e).
[Link]
ze-calculator/#sample-size-calculator - it's a random sampling technique formula to
estimate sampling size

-It is computed as n = N / (1+Ne2).

whereas:
n = no. of samples
N = total population
e = error margin / margin of error (0.5)
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
similar to simple random sampling, but usually easier to
conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a
Systematic sampling is an easier procedure than random sampling when
number.
you have a large population and the names of the targeted population are available.
Systematic sampling involves selection of every nth (i.e., 5th) subject in the
population to be in the sample.

Suppose you had a list of 10,000 voters in your school district and you
wished to sample 400 voters to see if they supported special funding for a new
school program.
We divide the number in the population (10,000) by the size of the sample
we wish to use (400) and we get the interval we need to use when selecting
subjects (25). In order to select 400 subjects, we need to select every 25 person on
the list.
Before we start selecting subjects, we need to select a random starting
point on the list. That starting point must be with one of the first 25 names on the
list. We would use a random number table to determine the starting point. Once we
have the starting point, we select that subject and every 25th subject after that on
the list.
STRATIFIED
SAMPLING
A two-step process in which the
population is partitioned into
subpopulations.
Divide the target population into
homogeneous subgroups or strata
A major objective of stratified
sampling is to increase precision
without increasing cost.
Involves the division of the population
into smaller sub-groups known as
STRATA.
The division might depend on different
factors, like AGE, GENDER, GRADE,
 EXAMPLE
:
The company has 800 female employees and
200 male employees. You want to ensure that
the sample reflects the gender balance of the
company, so you sort the population into two
strata based on gender. Then you use random
sampling on each group, selecting 80 women
and 20 men, which gives you a representative
sample of 100 people.
CLUSTER
SAMPLING
• Cluster sampling is a method of
probability sampling that is often
used to study large populations,
particularly those that are widely
geographically dispersed.
• Researchers usually use pre-
existing units such as schools or
cities as their clusters.
• In cluster sampling, researchers
divide a population into smaller
groups known as clusters.
CLUSTER
SAMPLING
• Often used for a larger
populations or large geographic
area.

• Obtain by dividing the population

into bug-groups called clusters.
POPULATION
How to cluster sample?
 Stratified Cluster
⮚ Members of the ⮚ Members of the subgroups
subgroups have similar have different
characteristics characteristics.
⮚ Used in smaller ⮚ Used in a large population.
population
References:

Thomas, L. (July 6, 2022). Cluster Sampling | A

Simple Step-by-Step Guide with
Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved October 21, 2022,
from
[Link]
ing/
Thomas, L. (July 21, 2022). Stratified Sampling |
Definition, Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved
October 20, 2022, from
[Link]
sampling/
GROUP 4
NON-
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
- a sampling technique in which the
researcher selects samples based
on the subjective judgment of the
researcher rather than random
selection
Types of Non-
probability Sampling

1. Convenience Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
4. Snowball Sampling
1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

- selecting a sample based

on the availability of the
member and/or proximity to
the researcher

- accidental, opportunity or
grab sampling
2. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

- also known as judgement

sampling

- involves the researcher using

their expertise to select a
sample that is most useful to
the purposes of the research
3. QUOTA SAMPLING

- is a method where a
researcher selects a
sample group to represent
some specific
characteristics of the
population. The researcher
chose this sample group to
represent the entire
population so that they can
get the desired result.
4. SNOWBALL SAMPLING

- participants in the study

were tasked to recruit
other members for the
study
Research participants

⮚ Narrative
description of
the sample
and the
sampling
process
Research participants

⮚ Profile of
respondents
according to the
attributes or
characteristics
relevant to the
study
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!

72