Revision

Materials
 CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING
MATERIALS

Engineering Materials

Metallic Non-Metallic

Ferrous Non-Ferrous Natural Synthetic

FERROUS & NON-FERROUS METALS

Metals

Ferrous Non-Ferrous

Wrought Iron Steels Cast Irons Alloys Pure

· Carbon · Brass · Copper

· Grey
Steels · Bronze · Aluminium
· Nodular
· Alloy · Duralumin · Tin
· White
Steels · Silumin · Zinc
 (1) WROUGHT IRON
• If the carbon is removed from cast iron we are left with
a metal called wrought iron.
• Wrought iron is a soft, tough metal that can be easily
bent or twisted while cold and resists fractures from
sudden impacts. It also has good corrosion resistance

1. Decorative items such as railings, outdoor stairs,

fences and gates
2. Electrical Equipment
3. Magnetic Parts
 2- CARBON STEELS

• consists of iron and carbon.

• Its properties can vary significantly depending on the
carbon content and any additional alloying elements
types:
1-Low carbon Steel
2- Medium Carbon Steel
3-High Carbon Steel
1- LOW CARBON STEELS
• easier to cold-form due to their soft nature
• When strength is not a major concern, low-carbon steels are good
choices.
Composition: Up to 0.3% carbon
Applications:rebar, chassis,Pipes, and machinery parts,Frames and
components for home furniture.
2-MEDIUM CARBON STEELS
• strength and ductility; can be heat-treated for improved hardness.
Composition: 0.3% to 0.6% carbon.
Applications: : Gears,and crankshafts where strength and toughness
are needed
• Springs and Components in heavy machinery
3-HIGH CARBON STEELS
They are extremely strong yet more brittle and less ductile .
High-carbon steels typically have high wear resistance due to their
superior surface hardness.
Composition: 0.6% to 2% carbon
Applications: Cutting Tools require high hardness and wear
resistance.
• Wear-Resistant Applications: Parts subjected to heavy wear, such
as in machinery and equipment.
3- ALLOY STEELS
• Alloy steels are used when carbon steels are unsuitable for
the kind of conditions
• For example, if a very strong steel is required, if the
component is required to resist corrosion, or in other words
to be 'stainless', an alloy steel is used.
• Alloy steels also are very suitable for cutting tools
4- Cast Iron
• 1- Gray Cast iron
• 2-Ductile cast iron
• 3-White cast iron
 II NON-FERROUS METALS
• In general non-ferrous metals are much weaker than
ferrous metals.
• a great advantage over most ferrous metals, namely
their ability to resist corrosion; in other words, the fact
that they do not rust or oxidize easily.
• The non-ferrous metals are divided into two groups:
– pure metals )Copper , TIN, Aluminum , Zinc and lead (

non-ferrous alloys.) BRONZE –DURALUMIN –BRASS- SILUMIN )

 NON-METALLIC MATERIALS

Non- Metallic

Polymers Ceramics
 NON-METALLIC MATERIALS

Polymers

Thermoplastic Thermosetting

cannot be reheated
and reshapeda
 Themoplastics
• A material which can be repeatedly reheated and reshaped,
allowing it to be recycled after its initial use.
• Types :
1-PET or PETE (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
is one of the most common types of plastic. It’s used in soda
bottles, water bottles, cooking oil bottles.
2- HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene)
High-Density Polyethylene is used in milk jugs, detergent bottles,
shampoo bottles,and some toys.
3- PVC or V (Polyvinyl Chloride)
Polyvinyl Chloride is used in plumbing pipes, shower curtains,
window frames, credit cards, and some food packaging.
4-LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene)
Low-Density Polyethylene is used in plastic bags, food wraps, and
some squeezable bottles.
5-PP (Polypropylene)
is a type of plastic that is tough and used in packaging. It can be
found in some automobile parts .You can recycle PP to create new
products like rope, carpeting.
 Ceramics
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials that are typically
brittle and can withstand high temperatures.
types:
1-Traditional Ceramics: Made from natural materials (like clay) and
include items such as:
Porcelain
Pottery
tiles
2-Advanced Ceramics: Engineered for specific properties and
performance, such as
:Alumina (Aluminum Oxide)
Zirconia
Applications:
• Dental and medical devices
• Electronics (capacitors, insulators)
• Structural applications (tiles, bricks)
Properties of Materials
1)Strength
The ability of a material to withstand an applied force without
breaking or deforming
• Types of strength :
• a-Tensile strength :The maximum stress a material can
withstand while being stretched or pulled before
breaking.
• b-Compressive strength : The ability of a material to
withstand compressive (squeezing) forces
Significance
• Engineering Design
• Material Selection
• Safety:
• c-Shear strength: The material's ability to resist shear
forces (sliding forces).
(2)Elasticity
Ability of material to return to their original shape after being
deformed by an external force.
Examples: Rubber ,Steel and Wood
Applications: Engineering: like bridges, buildings, and machines .
• Automotive Industry: Car suspension systems (like springs and
rubber) .
• Sports Equipment: such as tennis rackets, golf clubs, or running
shoes)
(3)DUCTILITY:
• The ability of a material to be permanently bent, or twisted
Importance:
• Formability
• Seismic Design
• Improving Weldability
(4)TOUGHNESS:
• The ability of a material to absorb energy without fracturing.
• Toughness is a combination of strength and ductility.

(6) HARDNESS:
• is the ability of a metal to resist abrasion
• Which makes it an essential property of cutting
tools
Applications of Hardness
1. Cutting Tools
2. Engine Parts: Components such as camshafts, crankshafts, and
pistons
3. Gears
(7)FUSIBILITY
• This is the ability of a metal to melt into liquid form
when subjected to heat
• Applications of Fusibility:
• 1 -Metallurgy
• 2-Welding
• 3-Casting
(8) PLASTICITY
• the ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation
without breaking or rupturing .
• Many metals have greatly increased plasticity when heated; for
example mild steel is much easier to work at red heat.
• Some metal; such as grey cast iron, are more brittle red-hot than
cold, and such metals are known as 'hot short'.
9)Thermal Properties
These properties describe how a material reacts to changes in
temperature.
Types of thermal properties

1- Thermal Conductivity: The ability of a material to conduct heat

such as metals
2-Thermal Expansion : The tendency of a material to expand or
contract when the temperature changes. Most materials expand
when heated and contract when cooled.
3-Melting point: The temperature at which a solid material changes
to a liquid.
4- Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
(10) Electrical Properties :

These properties describe how a material responds to electric fields

or current
Types of Electrical properties

a) Electrical conductivity: The ability of a material to conduct electric

current. Metals like copper and aluminum Platinum and silver ,are
excellent conductors.
b)Electrical resistivity: The inverse of conductivity, indicating how
much a material resists the flow of electric current. High resistivity
means poor conductivity, materials like rubber and glass are
insulators.
 Polymers
• polymer is a large molecule made up of repeating units called
monomers.
Types of polymer
1. Natural polymers
• These are polymers that occur naturally in nature. They are
derived from plants, animals, or microorganisms
• Examples:Cellulose ,Proteins,Rubber ,Starch ,Glycogen and DNA

• Applications of Natural Polymers

1- Textiles
2- Food Industry
3- Medical
2. Homopolymers
• is a type of polymer that is made up of only one type of
monomer unit repeated
• all the monomers in a homopolymer are identical or
chemically the same.
• Examples:
1. Polyethylene (PE):
• Used in plastic bags and bottles.
• 2. Polystyrene (PS):
• Used in packaging materials, and disposable cutlery.
• 3. Polypropylene (PP):
• Used in packaging, textiles, and automotive parts
[Link]
is a polymer that is made from two or more different types of
monomers.
Examples:
1- Random Copolymers:the two or more types of monomers are
arranged randomly along the polymer chain.
used in tires.
2-Block Copolymers:a large blocks of one type of monomer are
linked to large blocks of another monomer.
used in adhesives.
3-Alternating Copolymers: the two types of monomers alternate in a
regular pattern along the polymer chain.
4-Graft Copolymers: has one type of monomer that is grafted onto
the backbone of another type of monomer..
[Link]
are a type of polymer that becomes soft and moldable when heated
and hardens again when cooled
Examples
• Polyethylene (PE):(plastic bags, bottles)
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC):Pipes, plumbing fittings, flooring, electrical
cables, and medical tubing
• Polyamide (Nylon): Textiles, ropes, gears, and automotive parts
[Link] polymers
• are a type of polymer that undergoes a chemical change during the
curing ,which makes them permanently .
1-Epoxy Resins
2-Phenolic Resins (Bakelite):
3-Polyester Resins:
4- Urethane (Polyurethane) Resins:
6-long chain polymer
is a polymer made by linking a large number of monomer units in a
linear or branched structure

Examples:
1-PET: used in bottles, textiles, and food packaging. It is known for
its strength, durability, and chemical resistance.

2-Polycarbonate (PC):is known for its impact resistance, and thermal

stability. It is commonly used in eyewear lenses, optical media, and
automotive components
 classification of polymers
1. Based on Structure:
• Linear Polymers:
- Composed of long, straight chains of monomers.
• Branched Polymers:
- Contain side chains attached to the main chain, creating a branched
structure
• Cross-linked Polymers:
- Monomers are interconnected through covalent bonds, forming a
network structure.
• Network Polymers:
- A type of cross-linked polymer with a three-dimensional network
structure.
2-Based on Polymerization Method:
1-Addition (Chain-growth) Polymers:
- Formed by the successive addition of monomer units with
unsaturated bonds
2-Condensation (Step-growth) Polymers:
- Formed by a reaction between two different types of monomers,
usually with the elimination of a small molecule such as water or
alcohol.
3. Based on Physical Properties:
• Thermoplastics:
• Thermosetting Polymers (Thermosets)
• Elastomers :that can stretch and return to their original shape.
4. Based on Origin:
• Natural Polymers:
- Occur naturally in plants, animals, or microorganisms
• Synthetic Polymers:
Man-made polymers, often derived from petrochemical products.
• Semi-synthetic Polymers:
- Derived from natural sources but chemically modified