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Hardwired vs Microprogrammed Control Units

The document discusses two types of control units in digital computers: hardwired and microprogrammed control units. Hardwired control uses a sequential logic circuit to produce control signals through physical connections, while microprogrammed control stores binary control variables in memory, allowing for flexibility in executing instructions through microinstructions. Each approach has distinct mechanisms for generating control signals and executing operations within a CPU.

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17 views6 pages

Hardwired vs Microprogrammed Control Units

The document discusses two types of control units in digital computers: hardwired and microprogrammed control units. Hardwired control uses a sequential logic circuit to produce control signals through physical connections, while microprogrammed control stores binary control variables in memory, allowing for flexibility in executing instructions through microinstructions. Each approach has distinct mechanisms for generating control signals and executing operations within a CPU.

Uploaded by

ssakshii9004
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Hardwired and

Microprogram control
unit

Hardwired- A hardwired control is a


mechanism of producing control signals. It is
designed as a sequential logic circuit. The fi nal
circuit is constructed by physically connecting
the components such as gates and fl ip fl ops.
Hence it is named a hardwired controller.
The figure shows a 2-bit sequence counter, which is used to
develop control signals. The output obtained from these signals
is decoded to generate the required signals in sequential order.
 The hardwired control consists of a
combinational circuit that outputs desired
controls for decoding and encoding functions.
 The instruction that is loaded in the IR is
decoded by the instruction decoder.
 If the IR is an 8-bit register, then the instruction
decoder generates 28 (256) lines.
 Inputs to the encoder are given from the
instruction step decoder, external inputs, and
condition codes.
 All these inputs are used and individual control
signals are generated.
 The end signal is generated after all the
instructions get executed.
 Furthermore, it results in the resetting of the
control step counter, making it ready to
generate the control step for the next
Microprogramming control
unit
• Microprogramming is an alternative for designing
control unit of digital computer. A control unit
whose binary control variables are stored in
memory is called a microprogrammed control unit.

• The control variables at any given time can be


represented by a string of 1's and 0's called a
control word.

• Each word in control memory contains within it a


microinstruction.

• The microinstruction specifies one or more


microoperatiotins for the system. A sequence of
microinstructions constitutes a microprogram.
The general configuration of a microprogrammed
control unit is demonstrated in the block diagram of
Figure. The control memory is assumed to be a ROM,
within which all control information is permanently
stored.
There are the following steps followed by the
microprogrammed control are −

 It can execute any instruction. The CPU should divide


it down into a set of sequential operations. This set of
operations are called microinstruction. The sequential
micro-operations need the control signals to execute.

 Control signals saved in the ROM are created to


execute the instructions on the data direction. These
control signals can control the micro-operations
concerned with a microinstruction that is to be
performed at any time step.

 The address of the microinstruction is executed next is


generated.

 The previous 2 steps are copied until all the


microinstructions associated with the instruction in
the set are executed.

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