Wolaita sodo university
College of Engineering
Department of Hydraulics and Water resources
Engineering
Water Supply and Treatment
WSEE3151
Prepared By:- Mentwabe A. (Msc.)
Course outline
General consideration
Water management
Engineering aspects of water supply
Objective of public water supply
Planning of the water supply scheme
Components of the public water supply
scheme
1.1 General considerations 1. Introduction
water is the most important requirement for the human life to exist like as
air, food, heat and light.
Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is
used for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes.
Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water
resources, can boost countries’ economic growth and can contribute greatly
to poverty reduction. Drinking: 2–3 liters/day)
However, access may be restricted by low coverage, poor reliability,
insufficient quantity, poor quality and excessive cost relative to the ability
and willingness to pay.
…cont’d
As reported by (WHO, 2022),
1.7 billion people use a drinking water source
contaminated with feces.
73% of the global population (6 billion people) used
a safely managed drinking-water service
Poor sanitation is believed to be the main cause
of 564,000 deaths and neglected tropical diseases,
including intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and
trachoma (WHO,2019).
…cont’d
1.4 million children die as a result of diarrhea
each year.
Every 8 seconds a child dies from drinking a
contaminated water, i.e 10,000 a day)
children under five years old are more than 20
times more likely to die from diseases linked to
unsafe water and sanitation
To tackle this challenge, the world has committed
to reducing the number of people without access
to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
…cont’d
WHO and UNICEF report (July 2021) warns of critical water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) service shortages by 2030
Urgent need for prioritization of WASH coverage at international,
governmental, civil society, and private sector levels.
Water scarcity affects economic growth. Some regions
could see their growth rates decline by up to 6% of GDP
by 2050 due to water-related losses in agriculture, health,
income, and prosperity.
Nine out of ten natural disasters are water-related.
Water-related climate risks impact food, energy, urban, and
environmental systems.
Water management is the control and movement of water resources to minimize
damage to life, property and to maximize efficient beneficial use.
THE MAIN METHODS TO MANAGE WATER RESOURCES ARE
1. By increasing supply:
- Through storage in dams
-Diverting water from excess areas to scarcity areas through link waterways;
- Artificially recharging ground water;
- Desalinating sea water;
- Controlling pollution and reclaiming polluted water through recycling
2. By reducing degradation:
- Devising methods for controlling/reducing evaporation losses in irrigation
- using better drainage in irrigated agriculture to reduce soil salinization.
3. By reducing waste and use:
- Reducing overall population growth;
- limiting growth of population in areas of water shortage;
- devising more efficient industrial processes with less use of water
- controlling wastage
…cont’d
97.2% of the water on
earth is in the oceans
Only 2.8% of the water on
earth is freshwater
About 2.15% of the 2.8%
freshwater on earth is
permanently frozen in
glaciers and at the polar
ice caps
About 0.62% of the 2.8%
fresh water on earth is
groundwater
Less than 0.1% of the
1.2 Engineering aspect of water supply
Water supply ?
Is the process of provision of water of various qualities to
different users. e.g., to a home, factory, or business etc…
The engineering aspects of water supply refer to the design, construction, and
management of systems that deliver clean and safe water to communities.
The major components of Engineering aspect of water supply
Water Source Development
Water Treatment
Water Distribution Systems
Hydraulic Design
Wastewater Management
Sustainability and Resource Management
Cont…..
Water Supply Engineering ?
Planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of
water supply systems.
Planning should be economical, socially acceptable, and
environmentally friendly that meet the present as well as
future requirement.
…cont’d `
ACCESS TO WATER-SUPPLY SERVICES
It refers to availability of at least 20 liters per
person per day from an "improved" source within
1 kilometer of the user's dwelling.
Improved water supply: refers to the provision of safe, clean, and reliable access to
water for drinking, sanitation, hygiene, and other domestic uses
Different types of improved water supply sources:
– Household connection
– Public standpipe
– Borehole
– Protected dug well
– Protected spring
– Rainwater collection
…cont’d
As per the definition of
the Ministry of Water &
Energy of Ethiopia.
Access to water is
defined as :
15 liters of clean water
to the rural people per
head within 1.5
kilometer distance and
20 liters of clean
water to the urban
people per head within
0.5 kilometer distance.
Access to safe water
…cont’d
Global Water withdrawal and
Consumption
…cont’d
…cont’d
Global Water Stress
Map
…cont’d
…cont’d
…cont’d
1.3 Objectives of public water supply system
The main objectives of any public water supply system are:
To supply safe and wholesome water to the consumers.
To supply water in adequate quantity.
To make water available within easy reach of the consumers
To encourage personal and household cleanliness of the user.
1.4 Planning of the water supply scheme
In planning a water supply scheme for a town or city the
following points need to be considered.
1. Source of water
In the planning of a water supply scheme for a town or city, it is
necessary to search for a reliable perennial water source.
If unavailable, consider procuring water from a distant location,
considering quantity, quality, and cost.
2. Quality of water
Treatment of water determined by its quality.
Pure water requires less treatment, reducing costs.
Poor water quality increases treatment expenses.
Cont…..
3. Population
Design scheme units based on future population prediction from recent census
data to ensure adequate provision for future population needs.
4. Rate of consumption
Determine water demand based on domestic, commercial, and industrial
needs.
Multiply consumption rate by population for total water quantity needed.
5. Topography of area
Topographical map of the area to be served by the water supply scheme
should be prepared.
This map will be quite useful in the location of the various units of the
scheme, and help in the formulation of the most economical scheme
Cont…...
6. Financial aspects
This involves the consideration of the total funds that would be
available for the water supply scheme.
The scheme should be so planned that it is as economical as possible
and the entire scheme is adjusted within the available funds.
7. Trends of future development
Consider and adjust for future development trends (e.g., new
industries, public institutions, residential blocks) while planning the
water supply scheme for the town or city.
1.5 Components of Public Water Supply Scheme
The system comprises the
following major elements:
Source (groundwater or
surface water)
Raw water collection
structures (intake
structure, transmission
line)
Treatment plant
Distribution system
(Pumps, pipes,
Reservoir, different
appurtenances)
Thank you