The Language of Medicine

13th edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner

1
 Chapter 8
Female Reproductive System

2
 Introduction (Slide 1 of 3)
Sexual reproduction
This is the union of the nuclei of
ovum and sperm cell.
Ovum and sperm cells are called
gametes.
Each gamete contains half the
number of chromosomes of a normal
body cell.

3
 Introduction (Slide 2 of 3)
Gametes (ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; male
gonads are the testes.

4
 Introduction (Slide 3 of 3)
Fertilization
An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels
through the fallopian tube.
Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are
present and unite with the ovum.
The fertilized egg implants then divides to
form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later
an embryo and then a fetus).

5
 Organs of the
Female Reproductive System (slide 1 of 6)
Organs of the female reproductive system
(lateral view):
 Ovaries
 Fallopian tubes
 Uterus
 Cul-de-sac
 Vagina
 Bartholin glands
 Clitoris
 Perineum
6
 Organs of the
Female Reproductive System (slide 2 of 6)
• Organs of the female
reproductive system
(lateral view)

7
 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 1 of 5)
1. The fertilized egg implants, then
divides to form a ball of cells, called
a(n):

A. embryo
B. fetus
C. follicle
D. zygote

8
 Organs of the Female
Reproductive System (slide 3 of 6)
• Organs of the female
reproductive system
(anterior view): • Fimbriae
• Ovary • Uterus
• Utero-ovarian ligament • Endometrium
• Ovarian follicles • Myometrium
• Ovum • Uterine serosa
• Corpus luteum • Cervix
• Fallopian tube • Vagina
9
 Organs of the
Female Reproduction System (slide 4 of 6)

Organs of the female

10
 Organs of the
Female Reproductive System (slide 5 of 6)
Anatomic structures of the breast (sagittal view):
• Glandular tissue

• Fatty tissue
• Ducts
• Sinuses

11
 Organs of the Female
Reproductive System (slide 6 of 6)
The breast (sagittal view)

12
 Menstruation (slide 1 of 2)
Menstrual cycle
 Day 1-5 Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular
secretions discharge from the body.

 Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.

 Day 13-14 The egg leaves the ovary and passes through
the fallopian tube.

 Day 15-28 The corpus luteum secretes progesterone;

13
Menstruation (slide 2 of 2)

• Menstrual cycle

14
 Pregnancy (slide 1 of 6)
Pregnancy
 If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the
uterine endometrium.
 The placenta forms, attaches to the uterine wall.
 Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity.
 Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes exchange
between the fetus and mother.
 The placenta produces human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG).

15
 Pregnancy (slide 2 of 6)
• Implantation in the uterus

16
 Pregnancy (slide 3 of 6)

• The placenta,
chorion, and
amnion membranes

17
 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 2 of 5)
2. The corpus luteum secretes this
monthly to build up the lining of the
uterus.

A. Adrenaline
B. Estrogen
C. Progesterone
D. hCG

18
 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 3 of 5)
3. What does the placenta secrete
during pregnancy?

A. Adrenaline
B. hCG
C. Progesterone
D. Estrogen

19
 Pregnancy (slide 4 of 6)
Pregnancy
Progesterone maintains placenta
development.
The uterus expands as the fetus grows.
Normal delivery fetal position is cephalic
presentation (head first).

20
 Pregnancy (slide 5 of 6)
Pregnancy
 Three phases of labor
1. Dilation and thinning of the cervix
2. Birth of the infant
3. Delivery of the placenta

21
 Pregnancy (slide 6 of 6)
A, Cephalic presentation. B, Delivery of the placenta.

22
 Hormonal Interactions
(Slide 1 of 2)
• The pituitary secretes:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

• The pituitary stops producing FSH and LH

23
 Hormonal Interactions
(Slide 2 of 2)
• Menopause
Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
Normally begins between ages 45 and 55
Falling estrogen levels
Option for estrogen replacement therapy (careful
consideration of risks required)

24
Vocabulary (Slide 1 of 34)
Term

adnexa of the uterus

amnion

areola

25
 Vocabulary (Slide 2 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
adnexa of the Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting
uterus ligaments
amnion Innermost membranous sac surrounding the
developing fetus
areola Dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast
nipple

26
Vocabulary (Slide 3 of 34)

Term

Bartholin glands

cervix

chorion

27
 Vocabulary (Slide 4 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
Bartholin glands Small, mucus-secreting exocrine glands at
the vaginal orifice; named for Caspar
Bartholin, a Danish anatomist who
described them in 1637
cervix Lower, neck-like portion of the uterus
chorion Outermost layer of the two membranes
surrounding the embryo

28
Vocabulary (Slide 5 of 34)

Term

clitoris

coitus

corpus luteum

29
 Vocabulary (Slide 6 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
clitoris Sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the
opening of the female urethra
coitus Sexual intercourse; copulation
corpus luteum Empty ovarian follicle; secretes
progesterone after release of egg cell;
means “yellow body”

30
Vocabulary (Slide 7 of 34)
Term

cul-de-sac

embryo

endometrium

31
 Vocabulary (Slide 8 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
cul-de-sac Region in lower abdomen, midway between
the rectum and the uterus
embryo Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8
weeks
endometrium Inner, mucous membrane lining of the
uterus

32
Vocabulary (Slide 9 of 34)

Term

estrogen

fallopian tube

fertilization

33
 Vocabulary (Slide 10 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
estrogen Hormone produced by the ovaries that
promotes female secondary sex
characteristics
fallopian tube One of a pair of ducts through which the
ovum travels to the uterus; oviduct; named
for Gabriello Fallopia, an Italian anatomist
fertilization Union of sperm cell and ovum from which
the embryo develops

34
Vocabulary (Slide 11 of 34)

Term
fetus
fimbriae
(sing.: fimbria)
follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)

35
 Vocabulary (Slide 12 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
fetus Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39
or 40 weeks
fimbriae Finger- or fringe-like projections at the end
(sing.: fimbria) of the fallopian tubes
follicle-stimulating Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate
hormone (FSH) maturation of the ovum

36
Vocabulary (Slide 13 of 34)

Term

gamete

genitalia

gestation

37
 Vocabulary (Slide 14 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
gamete Male or female sexual reproductive cell;
sperm cell or ovum
genitalia Reproductive organs; also called genitals
gestation Period from fertilization of the ovum to birth

38
Vocabulary (Slide 15 of 34)

Term
gonad
gynecology
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

39
 Vocabulary (Slide 16 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
gonad Female or male reproductive organ that
produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or
testis
gynecology Study of the female reproductive organs,
including the breasts
human chorionic Hormone produced by the placenta to
gonadotropin sustain pregnancy by stimulating ovaries to
(hCG) produce estrogen and progesterone

40
Vocabulary (Slide 17 of 34)

Term

hymen

labia

lactiferous ducts

41
 Vocabulary (Slide 18 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
hymen Mucous membrane partially or completely
covering the opening to the vagina
labia Lips of the vagina
lactiferous ducts Tubes that carry milk within the breast

42
Vocabulary (Slide 19 of 34)

Term

luteinizing hormone (LH)

mammary papilla

menarche

43
 Vocabulary (Slide 20 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
luteinizing Secreted by the pituitary gland to promote
hormone (LH) ovulation
mammary papilla Nipple of the breast
menarche Beginning of the first menstrual period and
ability to reproduce

44
Vocabulary (Slide 21 of 34)

Term
menopause
menstruation
myometrium
neonatology

45
 Vocabulary (Slide 22 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
menopause Gradual ending of menstruation
menstruation Monthly shedding of the uterine lining
myometrium Muscle layer of the uterus
neonatology Branch of medicine that studies the
disorders and care of the newborn
(neonate)

46
Vocabulary (Slide 23 of 34)

Term

obstetrics

orifice

ovarian follicle

47
 Vocabulary (Slide 24 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
obstetrics The branch of medicine concerned with
pregnancy and childbirth
orifice An opening
ovarian follicle Developing sac enclosing each ovum within
the ovary

48
Vocabulary (Slide 25 of 34)

Term

ovary

ovulation

ovum (pl.: ova)

49
 Vocabulary (Slide 26 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
ovary One of a pair of female organs on each side
of the pelvis; almond-shaped; produced egg
cells and hormones
ovulation Release of the ovum from the ovary
ovum (pl.: ova) Mature egg cell (female gamete)

50
Vocabulary (Slide 27 of 34)

Term

parturition

perineum

pituitary gland

51
 Vocabulary (Slide 28 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
parturition Act of giving birth
perineum Area between the anus and the vagina in
females
pituitary gland Endocrine gland at the base of the brain that
produces hormones to stimulate the
ovaries; also regulates other endocrine
organs

52
Vocabulary (Slide 29 of 34)

Term

placenta

pregnancy

progesterone

53
 Vocabulary (Slide 30 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
placenta Vascular organ attached to uterine wall
during pregnancy; allows exchange of
oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products
between mother and fetus
pregnancy Condition of having a developing embryo
and fetus in female uterus for about 40
weeks
progesterone Hormone produced by corpus luteum in
ovary and placenta of pregnant women

54
Vocabulary (Slide 31 of 34)

Term

puberty

uterine serosa

uterus

55
 Vocabulary (Slide 32 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
puberty Point in life cycle at which sex characteristics
appear and gametes are produced
Perimetrium Outermost layer surrounding the uterus
(uterine serosa)
uterus Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ
in which embryo and fetus develop, and
from which menstruation occurs

56
Vocabulary (Slide 33 of 34)

Term

vagina

vulva

zygote

57
 Vocabulary (Slide 34 of 34)
Term Meaning/Definition
vagina Muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending
from the uterus to the exterior of the body
vulva External female genitalia; includes the labia,
hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice
zygote The stage in prenatal development from
fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks

58
 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 4 of 5)
4. Which term refers to the inner,
mucous membrane lining of the
uterus?

A. Endometrium
B. Fallopian tube
C. Chorion
D. Amnion

59
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, and Prefixes (Slide 1 of 6)
Combining Form Meaning
amni/o amnion
bartholin/o Bartholin gland
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o chorion
chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina

60
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, and Prefixes (Slide 2 of 6)
Combining Form Meaning
culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb

61
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, and Prefixes (Slide 3 of 6)
Combining Form Meaning
lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus

62
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, and Prefixes (Slide 4 of 6)
Combining Form Meaning
my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o midwife
o/o egg

63
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, and Prefixes (Slide 5 of 6)
Combining Form Meaning
oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum

64
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, and Prefixes (Slide 6 of 6)
Combining Form Meaning
phor/o to bear
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva

65
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, and Prefixes (Slide 1 of 2)
Suffix Meaning
-arche beginning
-cyesis pregnancy
-gravida pregnancy
-parous to bear, bring forth

66
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, and Prefixes (Slide 2 of 2)
Suffix Meaning
-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-tocia labor, birth
-version act of turning

67
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, Prefixes (Slide 1 of 2)
Prefix Meaning
dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many

68
 Terminology: Combining Forms,
Suffixes, & Prefixes (Slide 2 of 2)
Prefix Meaning
nulli- no, not, none
pre- before
primi- first
retro- backward

69
 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 5 of 5)
5. Which term means removal of the
breast?

A. Hysterectomy
B. Mastectomy
C. Mastitis
D. Mammoplasty

70
Chapter 8
Lesson 8.2

71
 Pathology: Uterus (slide 1 of 2)
• Cervical cancer
• Malignant cells within the cervix

• Cervicitis
• Inflammation of the cervix

• Endometrial cancer
• Malignant tumor of the uterine lining

• Endometriosis
• Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus

72
 Pathology: Uterus (slide 2 of 2)
• Fibroids are benign
tumors of the uterus

73
 Pathology: Gynecological

Ovaries
 Ovarian cancer
• Malignant tumor of the ovary
 Ovarian cysts
• Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary

Fallopian tubes
Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis
• Leading causes of PID are sexually transmitted
diseases
74
 Pathology: Breast (slide 1 of 2)
• Breast
Breast cancer
Fibrocystic disease

75
 Pathology: Breast (slide 2 of 2)
Breast Cancer
Arrows in mammogram
point to invasive
carcinoma of the breast.

Cut section of invasive

76
Chapter 8
Lesson 8.3

77
 Pathology: Pregnancy
• Abruptio placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted
placenta
• Choriocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the placenta
• Ectopic pregnancy
Misplaced implantation of egg
• Placenta previa
• Preeclampsia

78
 Pathology: Neonatal (slide 1 of 2)

• Down syndrome
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn
• Hyaline membrane disease
• Hydrocephalus
• Meconium aspiration syndrome
• Pyloric stenosis

79
Pathology: Neonatal (slide 2 of 2)

• APGAR scoring chart

80
 Clinical Tests and Procedures
Clinical tests
Pap test (Pap smear)
Pregnancy test

Procedures
Hystersalpingography
Mammography
Breast ultrasound/breast MRI
Pelvic ultrasonography

81
 Clinical Procedures (Slide 1 of 2)
Gynecological procedures
• Conization
 Removal of a cone-
shaped section of the
cervix.
 Figure shows LEEP for
cone biopsy

82
 Clinical Procedures (Slide 2 of 2)
Gynecological procedures
• Laparoscopic
oophorectomy
 A, Ovary placed in plastic
bag
 B, Extracted through
the laparoscope

83
 Clinical Tests & Procedures
Procedures
• Procedures during
pregnancy
 Amniocentesis
Needle placement
guided by ultrasound
images

84
Abbreviations (Slide 1 of 8)
Abbreviation
AB
AFP
BRCA1/BRCA2
BSE
CA 125
C-section, CS
CIN
CIS
CVS
Cx
D&C

85
 Abbreviations (Slide 2 of 8)
Abbreviation Meaning
AB Abortion
AFP Alpha-fetoprotein-high levels in amniotic fluid of fetus or
maternal serum
BRCA1/BRCA2 Breast cancer 1 and 2 - genetic mutations associated with
increased risk for breast cancer
BSE Breast self-examination
CA 125 Protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer
C-section, CS Cesarean section
CIN Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CIS Carcinoma in situ
CVS Chorionic villus sampling
Cx Cervix
D&C Dilation (dilation and curettage

86
Abbreviations (Slide 3 of 8)
Abbreviation
DCIS
DUB
FHR
FSH
G
GnRH
GYN
hCG OR HCG
HDN
HPV
HRT
HSG
IUD
87
 Abbreviations (Slide 4 of 8)
Abbreviation Meaning
DCIS Ductal carcinoma in situ
DUB Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
FHR Fetal heart rate
FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone
G Gravida (pregnant)
GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GYN Gynecology
hCG OR HCG Human chorionic gonadotropin
HDN Hemolytic disease of the newborn
HPV Human papillomavirus
HRT Hormone replacement therapy
HSG Hysterosalpingography
IUD Intrauterine device; contraceptive
88
Abbreviations (Slide 5 of 8)
Abbreviation
IVF
LEEP
LH
LMP
multip
OB
para 2-0-1-2
Pap test
PID
PMS

89
 Abbreviations (Slide 6 of 8)
Abbreviation Meaning
IVF In vitro fertilization
LEEP Loop electrocautery excision procedure
LH Luteinizing hormone
LMP Last menstrual period
multip Multipara; multiparous
OB Obstetrics
para 2-0-1-2 A woman’s reproductive history: 2 full-term
infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children
Pap test Papanicolaou smear-test
PID Pelvic inflammatory disease
PMS Premenstrual syndrome

90
Abbreviations (Slide 7 of 8)

Abbreviation
primip
SLN biopsy or SNB
TAH-BSO
UAE
VH

91
 Abbreviations (Slide 8 of 8)
Abbreviation Meaning
primip Primipara; primiparous
SLN biopsy or SNB Sentinel lymph node biopsy
TAH-BSO Total abdominal hysterectomy with
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
UAE Uterine artery embolization
VH Vaginal hysterectomy

92
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 1 of 12)
Combining Form
amni/o
bartholin/o
cephal/o
cervic/o
chori/o, chorion/o
colp/o

93
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 2 of 12)
Combining Form Meaning
amni/o amnion
bartholin/o Bartholin gland
cephal/o head
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o, chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina

94
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 3 of 12)

Combining Form
culd/o
episi/o
galact/o
gynec/o
hyster/o

95
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 4 of 12)
Combining Form Meaning
culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb

96
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 5 of 12)

Combining Form
lact/o
mamm/o
mast/o
men/o
metr/o

97
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 6 of 12)
Combining Form Meaning
lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus

98
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 7 of 12)
Combining Form
my/o
myom/o
nat/i
obstetr/o
olig/o
o/o

99
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 8 of 12)
Combining Form Meaning
my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o pregnancy and childbirth
olig/o scanty
o/o egg

100
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 9 of 12)
Combining Form
oophor/o
ov/o
ovari/o
ovul/o
perine/o

101
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 10 of 12)
Combining Form Meaning
oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum

102
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 11 of 12)
Combining Form
phor/o
py/o
salping/o
uter/o
vagin/o
vulv/o

103
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 12 of 12)
Combining Form Meaning
phor/o to bear
py/o pus
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva

104
Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 1 of 10)
Suffix
-arche
-cele
-cyesis
-ectasis
-ectomy

105
 Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 2 of 10)
Suffix Meaning
-arche beginning
-cele hernia
-cyesis pregnancy
-ectasis stretching, dilation
-ectomy removal, excision

106
Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 3 of 10)
Suffix
-flexion
-genesis
-gravida
-itis
-pareunia
-parous

107
 Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 4 of 10)
Suffix Meaning
-flexion flexible
-genesis producing; forming
-gravida pregnancy
-itis inflammation
-pareunia sexual intercourse
-parous to bear, bring forth

108
Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 5 of 10)

Suffix
-plasia
-plasty
-ptosis
-rrhagia
-rrhaphy

109
 Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 6 of 10)
Suffix Meaning
-plasia development, formation
-plasty surgical repair
-ptosis dropping, sagging
-rrhagia bursting forth (blood)
-rrhaphy suture

110
Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 7 of 10)
Suffix
-rrhea
-salpinx
-scopy
-stenosis
-stomy

111
 Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 8 of 10)
Suffix Meaning
-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-scopy visual examination
-stenosis tightening
-stomy new opening

112
Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 9 of 10)
Suffix
-tocia
-tomy
-tresia
-version

113
 Review Sheet – Suffixes
(Slide 10 of 10)
Suffix Meaning
-tocia labor, birth
-tomy process of cutting
-tresia opening
-version act of turning

114
Review Sheet – Prefixes
(Slide 1 of 6)
Prefix
bi-
dys-
endo-
in-
intra-
multi-

115
 Review Sheet – Prefixes
(Slide 2 of 6)
Prefix Meaning
bi- two
dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many

116
Review Sheet – Prefixes
(Slide 3 of 6)

Prefix
nulli-
oxy-
peri-
pre-

117
 Review Sheet – Prefixes
(Slide 4 of 6)
Prefix Meaning
nulli- no, not, none
oxy- swift, sharp
peri- surrounding
pre- before

118
Review Sheet – Prefixes
(Slide 5 of 6)
Prefix
primi-
pseudo-
retro-
uni-

119
 Review Sheet – Prefixes
(Slide 6 of 6)
Prefix Meaning
primi- first
pseudo- false
retro- backward
uni- one

120