Yildiz Technical University
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Heat Transfer
Conduction
[Link]. Parisa HEIDARNEJAD
• A rate equation that allows determination of the conduction heat flux
from knowledge of the temperature distribution in a medium
Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fourier’s Law:
q k T
Heat flux Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient
2
W/m W/m K °C/m or K/m
dT T T
qx k
k 2 1
Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction
dx acrossL a
plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:
qcond , x dT
, x
qcond k
A dx
𝜟𝑻
𝒒 𝒙 =𝒌𝑨 For finite value
𝜟𝒙
″ 𝒅𝑻
𝒒 =− 𝒌 Fourier’s Law:
𝒅𝒙
Thermal conductivity, k: A measure of the ability of a material to
conduct heat.
Temperature gradient dT/dx: The slope of the temperature curve on a
T-x diagram.
Heat Flux
″ 𝒒 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 , 𝒙 𝒅𝑻
𝒒 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 , 𝒙 = =− 𝒌 [W/m2]
𝑨 𝒅𝒙
the minus sign is necessary because heat is always transferred in the In heat conduction analysis, A
represents the area normal to the
direction of decreasing temperature direction of heat transfer.
heat flux is a vector quantity, we can write a more general statement of the
conduction rate equation (Fourier’s law )
T(x, y, z) is the scalar temperature field
is the three-dimensional del operator
FIGURE 2.2 The relationship between coordinate system, heat flow
direction, and temperature gradient in one dimension.
The heat flux is a directional quantity
the heat flux vector is in a direction perpendicular to
the isothermal surfaces.
the direction of heat flow will always be normal to a
surface of constant temperature, called an
isothermal surface.
FIGURE 2.2 The relationship between coordinate system, heat flow
direction, and temperature gradient in one dimension.
An alternative form of Fourier’s law
The heat flux vector normal to an isotherm in
a two-dimensional coordinate system.
3D heat flux vector in Cartesian coordinates
The heat flux vector can be resolved into components such that
The heat flux vectors in x- y- and z- directions
2D heat flux vector in Cartesian coordinates
″
(
𝒒 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 , 𝒙 =− 𝒌 𝒊
𝛛𝑻
𝛛𝒙
+𝒋
𝛛𝑻
𝛛𝒚 )
The heat flux vectors in x- and y- directions
Problem 2.12 Incropera
Correct
T1 =500 K
T2 = 700K
Plane wall 120 mm
The rate equation for conduction heat transfer is
Where the temperature gradient is constant
throughout the wall and of the form
T1 =500 K
T2 = 700K
L = 120 mm
• Three prime coordinate systems:
rectangular T(x, y, z, t)
cylindrical T(r, , z, t)
spherical T(r, , , t).
The Heat Diffusion Equation
A major objective in a conduction analysis is to determine the temperature
distribution which represents how temperature varies with position T(x) in the
medium.
Once this distribution is known, the conduction heat flux at any point in
the medium or on its surface may be computed from Fourier’s law
The temperature distribution could also be used to optimize the thickness of an
insulating material or to determine the compatibility of special coatings or
adhesives used with the material
Solution Procedure
1. first define an infinitesimally small (differential) control volume, dx dy dz,.
Choosing to formulate the first law at an instant of time,
2. The second step is to consider the energy processes that are relevant to
this control volume.
3. In the absence of motion (or with uniform motion), there are no changes in
mechanical energy and no work being done on the system.
4. Only thermal forms of energy need be considered. Specifically, if there are
temperature gradients, conduction heat transfer will occur across each of
the control surfaces
Consider a homogeneous medium within which there is no bulk motion (advection)
and the temperature distribution T(x, y, z) is expressed in Cartesian coordinates.
Following the methodology of applying conservation of energy
˙ 𝒅 𝑬 𝒔𝒕 ˙ ˙ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑬
˙𝒈
𝑬 𝒔𝒕 = = 𝑬 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬
𝒅𝒕
The conduction heat rates perpendicular to each of the control surfaces at the x-, y-, and z-coordinate
locations are indicated by the terms qx, qy, and qz
The conduction heat rates at the opposite surfaces can
then be expressed as a Taylor series expansion
Within the medium there may also be an energy source term associated with the rate of
thermal energy generation
q is the rate at which energy is generated per
unit volume of the medium (W/m3)
the energy storage term may be expressed as
𝒅 𝑬 𝒔𝒕
˙ 𝒔𝒕 =
𝑬 ˙ 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬
=𝑬 ˙ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑬
˙𝒈
𝒅𝒕
it follows that
The conduction heat rates in an isotropic material may be evaluated from Fourier’s law
Heat Diffusion Equation in Cartesian coordinates
𝜕
𝑘 ( ) ( ) ( )
𝜕𝑇
+
𝜕
𝑘
𝜕𝑇
+
𝜕
𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝑧 𝜕 𝑧
𝜕𝑇
+ 𝑞=𝜌
˙ 𝑐𝑝
𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑡
often referred to as
the heat equation
If the thermal conductivity is constant, the heat equation is
2 2
𝜕 𝑇 𝜕 𝑇 𝜕 𝑇 𝑞˙
2
1 𝜕𝑇 𝒌
𝜶≡
+ + + = 𝝆 𝒄𝒑
𝜕𝑥
2
𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕𝑧
2
𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
For steady-state conditions
𝜕
𝑘 (
𝜕𝑇
+ ) (
𝜕
𝑘
𝜕𝑇
+
𝜕
𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝑧 𝜕 𝑧 ) (
𝜕𝑇
+ 𝑞=0
˙ )
One-Dimensional Conduction in a Planar Medium with Constant Properties
and No heat Generation
2
𝜕 𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
=
𝜕𝑥
2
𝛼 𝜕𝑡
For steady-state, one-dimensional conditions with no energy
generation
2
𝜕 𝑇
2
=0
𝜕𝑥
• Cylindrical Coordinates: T r , , z
qx q y qz
General form of the heat equation
• Spherical Coordinates: T r , ,
General form of the heat equation
Boundary and Initial Conditions
For transient conduction, heat equation is first order in time, requiring specification of an initial
temperature distribution:
if the situation is time dependent, on conditions existing in the medium at some initial time
Since heat equation is second order in space, two boundary conditions must be specified.
Some common cases:
Constant Surface Temperature:
It is termed a Dirichlet, or a boundary condition of the first kind
T
|x=0= 0
x
𝑇 ( 0 ,𝑡 )=𝑇 𝑠
Constant surface heat flux
It is termed a Neumann condition, or a boundary condition of the second kind
A. Finite Heat Flux:
𝜕𝑇 ″
−𝑘 ¿ 𝑥=0 =𝑞 𝑠
𝜕𝑥
B. Adiabatic or insulated surface
𝜕𝑇
¿𝑥= 0=0
𝜕𝑥
Convection surface condition
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘 ¿ 𝑥=0 =h [ 𝑇 ∞ −𝑇 ( 0 , 𝑡 ) ]
𝜕𝑥
TABLE 2.2 Boundary conditions for the heat diffusion equation at the surface (x=0)