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Understanding Multiprocessor Systems

A multiprocessor system consists of two or more CPUs interconnected with memory and I/O equipment, allowing for parallel processing of multiple jobs or tasks. These systems can be classified into shared memory or distributed-memory models, with various interconnection structures for resource sharing. Effective interprocessor communication and synchronization are essential for the operation of multiprocessors, often utilizing shared memory for message passing and synchronization mechanisms like semaphores.

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5 views13 pages

Understanding Multiprocessor Systems

A multiprocessor system consists of two or more CPUs interconnected with memory and I/O equipment, allowing for parallel processing of multiple jobs or tasks. These systems can be classified into shared memory or distributed-memory models, with various interconnection structures for resource sharing. Effective interprocessor communication and synchronization are essential for the operation of multiprocessors, often utilizing shared memory for message passing and synchronization mechanisms like semaphores.

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Multiprocessors

Characteristics of Multiprocessors
• A multiprocessor system is an interconection of two or more CPUs
with memory and input-output equipment.
• The term "processor" In multiprocessor can mean either a central
processing unit (CPU) or an input-output processor (lOP).
• However, a system with a single CPU and one or more lOPs is
usually not included in the definition of a multiprocessor system
unless the lOP has computational facilities comparable to a CPU.
• a multiprocessor system implies the existence of multiple CPUs,
although usually there will be one or more lOPs as well .
• multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD)
systems.
The system derives its high performance

1. Multiple independent jobs can be made to


operate in parallel.
2. A single job can be partitioned into multiple
parallel tasks.
Multiprocessors are classified
• a shared memory or tightly coupled
multiprocessor.
• An alternative model of microprocessor is the
distributed-memory or loosely coupled
system. Each processor element in a loosely
coupled system has its own private local
memory.
Interconnection Structures (memory &
resource sharing)
• Some of these schemes are
1. Time-shared common bus
2. Multiport memory
3. Crossbar switch
4. Multistage switching network
5. Hypercube system
1. Time-Shared Common Bus
2. Multiport Memory
3. Crossbar Switch
4. Multistage Switching Network
5. Hypercube Interconnection
lnterprocessor Communication and
Synchronization
• The various processors in a multiprocessor system must be
provided with a facility for communicating with each other.
• A communication path can be established through
common input-output channels.
• In a shared memory multiprocessor system, the most
common procedure is to set aside a portion of memory
that is accessible to all processors.
• The primary use of the common memory is to act as a
message center similar to a mailbox, where each processor
can leave messages for other processors and pick up
messages intended for it.
lnterprocessor Synchronization
• Mutual Exclusion with a Semaphore
• critical section
• hardware lock (Test semaphore, Set
semaphore )

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