Group members. ID No.
[Link] Asnakew .....................1500587
[Link] Sugo ...................................1500714
33Muluneh Demelash......................1501020
[Link] Adane...........................1501195
Submitted to instructor Aschale .S(MSc,Environmental Health)
Integrated Vector Control Approach
o No single method is likely to provide a solution in all situations. Hence, the current
trend is to adopt an integrated approach.
o IVC is a rational decision-making process for the optimal use of resources for vector
control.
o Vector control approach combining two or more methods with a view to obtain max-
imum results with minimum efforts.
o Integrated vector control approach is the current trend for vector control defined as
utilization of all appropriate technological and management techniques to bring
out an effective degree of vector suppression in a cost effective manner and also to
avoid the overuse of one of the methods.
o Selection of methods is not possible without detailed field information on the ecology,
bionomics /vectors vs environment relationship/, role in disease transmission.
o Hence, investigate or know the following before deciding on control intervention:
Breeding sites, resting sites, transmission, blood source, dispersal range, population
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dynamics.
Integrated Vector Control Approach cnt...
The IVC approach seeks to improve the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, ecologi-
cal soundness and sustainability of disease-vector control.
The Global Strategic Framework for IVM identifies five decision making cri-
teria's and procedures for successful IVM implementation;
Advocacy, social mobilization, regulatory control for public health and em-
powerment of communities.
Collaboration within the health sector and with other sectors through the op-
timal use of resources, planning, monitoring and decision-making.
Integration of non-chemical and chemical vector control methods, and inte-
gration with other disease control measures.
Evidence-based decision making guided by operational research and entomo-
logical and epidemiological surveillance and evaluation.
Development of adequate human resources, training and career structures at
national and local level to promote capacity building and manage IVM pro-
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grammes.
Selection criteria for vector control measures
1. Effectiveness: the degree to the vector control method is successful in controlling vectors.
2. Safety: refers to the control of recognized hazards in order to achieve an acceptable level.
3. Simplicity: refers something easy to understand or explain. It includes simplicity of use-indica-
tions, contraindications, skills, difficulties in using.
4. Cost: feasibility on the amount of money used on the control measure.
5. Time and effort: the amount of time & effort needed for the specific control measure matters.
6. Type of benefit: the forecasted end outcome should also be considered.
7. Social acceptability in local context: social norms and culture could also matter.
8. Support requirements: inviting other stakeholders, collaborators or supporters is essential.
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Evolution of the Integrated Vector Control Approach
Vector control has been a part of malaria control activities since the early 20th cen-
tury.
DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) was the first commercially produced chlo-
rinated hydrocarbon insecticide.
During the pre-DDT era, reduction of vector mosquitoes largely relied on larviciding
and environmental management of breeding habitats.
1950s, DDT and other insecticides were extensively used.
1970s, development of insecticide resistance, poor human acceptance and environmen-
tal concerns against the use of insecticides.
This led to a rethinking of in vector control strategies.
1980s, WHO proposed on the principles of Integrated Pest Management in agriculture.
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Role of different Integrated Vector Control IVC/IPM Components
In an IVC/IPM approach, it is vital to recognize that absolute resistance, for example
immunity, is not necessarily the goal; in fact it may well be the wrong goal because
of the likelihood of resistance breaking down.
Small degrees of resistance can make other components of the IVC/IPM armory
much more effective than would be expected from purely additive effects.
Broadly, the IVM/IPM component should consider the following categories;
Cultural and mechanical vector control methods
Physical vector control methods
Biological vector control methods
Chemical vector control methods, and
Environmental management vector control methods.
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Vector control methods include cultural, mechanical,
biological, chemical, and environmental management
strategies—each with unique strengths. The best approach
depends on the disease, vector species, and local conditions,
but integrated use of multiple methods is often most effective.
Cultural Vector Control
Definition: Practices that modify human behavior or the
environment to reduce vector breeding or contact.
Examples:
Proper waste disposal to eliminate mosquito breeding sites.
Covering water storage containers.
Promoting use of bed nets or protective clothing.
Mechanical Vector Control
Definition: Physical methods to block, trap, or
remove vectors.
Examples:
Window screens and bed nets.
Traps for mosquitoes or flies.
Removing standing water manually.
Biological Vector Control
• Definition: Use of natural predators, pathogens, or
competitors to suppress vector populations.
• Examples:
• Introducing fish that eat mosquito larvae (e.g.,
Gambusia).
• Using bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
(Bti) to kill larvae.
Chemical Vector Control
Definition: Use of insecticides or larvicides to kill
vectors.
Examples:
Indoor residual spraying (IRS).
Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs).
Fogging or space spraying.
Environmental Management Vector Control
Definition: Long-term changes to the environment to
reduce vector habitats.
Examples:
Drainage of stagnant water.
Improved housing and sanitation.
Urban planning to reduce breeding sites.
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