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T-SQL: Key Features and Examples

T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is Microsoft's proprietary extension of SQL, used primarily with Microsoft SQL Server and Azure SQL Database, offering additional features for database application development. Key features include procedural programming, error handling, built-in functions, transactions, stored procedures, triggers, and advanced querying techniques. The document also covers common errors, data type casting, and practical examples of T-SQL usage.

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12 views22 pages

T-SQL: Key Features and Examples

T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is Microsoft's proprietary extension of SQL, used primarily with Microsoft SQL Server and Azure SQL Database, offering additional features for database application development. Key features include procedural programming, error handling, built-in functions, transactions, stored procedures, triggers, and advanced querying techniques. The document also covers common errors, data type casting, and practical examples of T-SQL usage.

Uploaded by

basib89386
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

T-SQL

T-SQL (TRANSACT-SQL)

• T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is Microsoft’s proprietary extension of SQL


(Structured Query Language).
• It’s the main language used to interact with Microsoft SQL Server and
Azure SQL Database. While standard SQL provides the core commands
for querying and manipulating data (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
etc.), T-SQL adds extra features that make it more powerful for
building real-world database applications.
KEY FEATURES OF T-SQL

• Procedural Programming:
• Variables (DECLARE @Name VARCHAR(50))
• Control flow statements (IF, WHILE, BEGIN…END)

• Error Handling:
• TRY...CATCH blocks for handling exceptions

• Built-in Functions:
• Date functions (GETDATE(), DATEADD())
• String functions (LEN(), SUBSTRING())
• Math functions (ROUND(), ABS())
KEY FEATURES OF T-SQL (CONT’)

• Transactions:
• Ensures data consistency with BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK.

• Stored Procedures and Triggers:


• Reusable code modules stored in the database.

• Advanced Querying:
• Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
• Window functions (ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), OVER())
EXAMPLE
T-SQL
SCRIPT:
HOW TO
SET VALUES
IN T-SQL?
YOU CAN USE EITHER SET
OR SELECT.
SET

Assigns one value to a variable.

If the query returns more than one row, it raises an


error.
SET(EXAMPL
E)
SELECT

 Can assign values to one or


many variables.
 If the query returns more
than one row:
The last row’s value
is stored.
 Often used for performance
when setting multiple
variables in one go.
EXAMPLE OF SELECT
COMMON ERRORS

Data type mismatch

Rounding errors: Assigning a money data type


to an integer
removes the cents
COMMON ERRORS(CONT’)

Insufficient space: assigning a 12 character string to a variable defined


as char(10)
CASTING

• convert one data type into another.

• Concatenate string and number


Example: PRINT 'Ahmad' + CAST(12 AS CHAR(2));

• Assign casted value to variable


IF … ELSE
IF..ELSE
(WITH
QUERY)
WHILE LOOP

• Increase book prices until average is >= 40


T-SQL CURSOR

• A cursor in T-SQL is a
database object that lets you
process rows one at a time
from a result set.
• A cursor works like a pointer
that moves through a query
result row by row.
PRACTICAL
PART
• Create Table Students.
• Insert Values
QUESTION 1: WHAT WILL BE THE OUTPUT?

Output: Ali
QUESTION 2: WHAT WILL HAPPEN HERE?

Answer: Error Occurs because It returned more than 1 value.


QUESTION 2: WHAT WILL BE THE OUTPUT?

Answer: Omar (last row’s value appear)


QUESTION 4: WHAT IS OUTPUT?

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