MODULE - I
QUANTITATIVE
TECHNIQUES FOR
MANAGERS DSQT-7006
SESSION – 2 | INTRODUCTION TO DATA
VISUALIZATION
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BROAD PLAN
OF THE COURSE
Sampling
Correlation,
Data Probability Regression,
Distribution and Tests of
Visualization And and Time-
Hypothesis
and Probability Significance
Testing Series
Preparation Distribution Foundation Forecasting
Presentation for UPES Faculty & Students
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Introduction to Data
Visualization
2
Data Visualization
SESSION
Types of Data Visualization
Data Visualization- Categorical Data
Data Visualization- Numerical Data
Presentation for UPES Faculty & Students
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Understand the concept and purpose of data visualization in business
statistics.
• Recognize how visualization can reveal patterns, trends, and insights
that may not be evident in raw data.
• Define and construct a frequency distribution from raw data.
• Understand the concept and purpose of cross-tabulation for analyzing
relationships between categorical variables.
• Select the appropriate chart or graph for different types of data and
analytical objectives.
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What is Data Visualization?
Definition: Data visualization is the graphical
representation of data and information.
Purpose: To make complex data more accessible,
understandable, and usable.
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Overview of Data Visualization?
• Presents data using tables, charts, and graphs.
• Helps in identifying patterns, trends, and outliers.
• Facilitates data-driven decision-making in management
and business contexts.
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Types of Data Visualization Tools?
1. Tables: Organize raw data for clarity.
Frequency distributions
2. Graphs and Charts:
Bar charts
Histograms
Pie charts
Line graphs
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Tables and Charts for Categorical Data
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Summary Table
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Bar & Pie Chart
• Bar charts and Pie charts are often used for
qualitative data (categories or nominal
scale)
• Height of bar or size of pie slice shows the
frequency or percentage for each category
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Bar Chart
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Pie Chart
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TABULATING AND GRAPHING:
MULTIVARIATE CATEGORICAL
DATA
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TABULATING AND GRAPHING:
MULTIVARIATE CATEGORICAL
DATA
Practice on Excel
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Tables and Charts for Numerical Data
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Ordered Array
A sequence of data in rank order:
Shows range (min to max)
Provides some signals about variability
within the range
May help identify outliers (unusual observations)
If the data set is large, the ordered array is
less useful
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Ordered Array
• Data in raw form (as
collected):
24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41,
32, 38
• Data in ordered array from
smallest to largest:
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32,
38, 41
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FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
• A frequency distribution is a list or a table …
• containing class groupings (ranges within which the data fall) ...
• and the corresponding frequencies with which data fall within each
grouping or category
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WHY USE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
• It is a way to summarize numerical data
• It condenses the raw data into a more useful form...
• It allows for a quick visual interpretation of the data
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STEPS TO FORM A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
1. Arrange the data in order
2. Find Range: Difference between maximum and
minimum value in the data set.
3. Determine No of Classes : k = 1+ 3.322 log N
(Sturges formula), where N is the no of observations.
[Link] Class width: Range/No of Classes
5. Construct the frequency distribution table.
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Example: A manufacturer of insulation randomly selects 20 winter days and records
the daily high-temperature
24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43, 44, 27, 53, 27
Step1: Sort raw data in ascending order:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Step 2: Find Range: 58 - 12 = 46
Step 3: Find No of Classes: k= 1+3.322log20= 5.33= 5 approximately
Step 4: Find Width = 46/5=9.2 = 10 apprx
Step 5: Determine class boundaries (limits):
• Class 1: 10 to less than 20
• Class 2: 20 to less than 30
• Class 3: 30 to less than 40
• Class 4: 40 to less than 50
• Class 5: 50 to less than 60
Compute class midpoints: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55
Step 6: Count observations & assign to classes
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Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44,
46, 53, 58
Class Midpoints
Frequency
10 but less than 20 15 3
20 but less than 30 25 6
30 but less than 40 35 5
40 but less than 50 45 4
50 but less than 60 55 2
Total 20
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Relative Percentage
Class Frequency Frequency Frequency
10 but less than 20 3 .15 15%
20 but less than 30 6 .30 30%
30 but less than 40 5 .25 25%
40 but less than 50 4 .20 20%
50 but less than 60 2 .10 10%
Total 20 1.00 100%
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CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION EXAMPLE
Cumulative Cumulative
Class Frequency Percentage
Frequency Percentage
10 but less than 20 3 15% 3 15%
20 but less than 30 6 30% 9 45%
30 but less than 40 5 25% 14 70%
40 but less than 50 4 20% 18 90%
50 but less than 60 2 10% 20 100%
Total 20 100 20 100%
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Types of Class Intervals
• Exclusive Interval- In this type the class intervals are organized
such that the upper limit of one class is the lower limit of the next
class. Here the class intervals are continuous.
Note:- the extreme values are always included in the successive
interval.
• Inclusive Interval- Here, both the upper and lower limits are
included in the interval. It is a discontinuous interval and can be
converted into continuous interval
Find d= (lower limit of the succeeding interval – upper limit of
the previous interval)/2
Now, subtract the value of d from the lower limit and add it to
the upper limit.
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Types of Class Intervals
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GRAPHING NUMERICAL DATA:
HISTOGRAM
• A graph of the data in a frequency distribution is called a
histogram
• The class boundaries (or class midpoints) are shown on
the horizontal axis
• The vertical axis is either frequency, relative frequency, or
percentage
• Bars of the appropriate heights are used to represent the
number of observations within each class
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HISTOGRAM: EXAMPLE
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FREQUENCY POLYGON
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GRAPHING CUMMULATIVE
FREQUENCIES: OGIVE CURVE
Class interval No. of students
0-10 3
10-20 8
20-30 17
30-40 29
40-50 15
50-60 6
60-70 2
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OGIVE CURVE: LESS THAN
CURVE
Class No. of Upper Less than
interval students limit CF
0-10 3 10 3
10-20 8 20 11
20-30 17 30 28
30-40 29 40 57
40-50 15 50 72
50-60 6 60 78
60-70 2 70 80
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OGIVE CURVE: MORE THAN
CURVE
Lover
Class interval No. of students limit More than CF
0-10 3 0 80
10-20 8 10 77
20-30 17 20 69
30-40 29 30 52
40-50 15 40 23
50-60 6 50 8
60-70 2 60 2
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SCATTER PLOT
• Scatter Diagrams are used to examine
possible relationships between two numerical
variables
• One variable is measured on the vertical axis and the
other variable is measured on the horizontal axis
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SCATTER PLOT: EXAMPLE
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BEST PRACTICES
•Choose the right type of chart or graph for
your data.
•Keep visuals simple and uncluttered.
•Highlight key findings for your audience.