MODULE 13: GLOBALIZATION
( Migration and Changes of Filipino Culture)
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
PREPARED BY: JERALYN F. PAMA
Globalization is a multifaceted
phenomenon that continues to shape
and influence the lives, aspirations,
and
futures of people from various parts
of the world.
As a societal reality, it connotes the endless and formless
transformation of relations and interactions of peoples—
encountering, altering, and enriching cultures,
practices, norms, among others.
As an economic reality, it tells us of continuous expansion of
markets, finance,
business, dealings, etc. that shape people's lives—with job
opportunities and productivity, among others.
As a political reality, it speaks of the overall changes with
the way politics is being done by
states, markets, civil society actors, and other stakeholders
at the global level.
| Most Essential Learning Competencies
• Explain government programs and
initiatives in addressing social inequalities
e.g. local, national, global.
| Content Standards
By the end of this module, learners are
expected to
demonstrate an understanding of:
● The agents/institutions, processes, and
outcomes of cultural, political, and social
changeConcepts and definitions that can help
us make sense of globalization, migration and
Philippine culture;
● Causes and drivers of globalization, migration
and changes in Filipino culture; and
● Roles of stakeholders on globalization,
migration and changes in Filipino culture.
| Performance Standards
By the end of this module, learners are expected to:
● Identify one's role in social groups and
institutions;
● Evaluates factors causing social, political, and
cultural change
● Understand the importance of globalization,
migration and culture in the Philippine context;
and
● Demonstrate one’s role in globalization and
changes in Philippine culture.
LESSON 1:
What is globalization?
How does it happen?
When did it start to happen?
Why does it affect us?
| LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
● Determine the definition, history, and
outcomes of globalization; and
● Recognize various ways by which
globalization is understood nowadays.
| KEY CONCEPT
● Globalization - multidimensional
phenomenon wherein societies separated by
geographical boundaries
become connected.
● Anti-globalists - people who believe that
technological changes are mere exaggerations
and should not
be acknowledged as breakthroughs in
progress.
● Hyperglobalists - people who believe that
changes brought about by globalization are
profound and that
these are becoming permanent.
● Transformationalists - the middle-ground
between anti-globalists and hyperglobalists.
● Three-world system - designation of countries
based on development: first world, second
world and
third world countries.
● Three waves of globalization - indicate
three major periods in history that led to a
single global
phenomenon.
● Patterns of globalization - indicate major
areas of change brought about by
globalization: economic,
military, legal, ecological, and cultural.
Globalization can be defined as a “process of
increasing interconnectedness between
societies such that events in one part of the
world more and more have effects on peoples
and societies far away” (Smith, Owen, & Baylis
2014, p. 9). From this definition, we can
highlight the four factors that led to
globalization (McGrew
2014):
a.) Expansion of social, political and economic activities
that affect more and more people across the
world;
b.) Intensification of relations between and among
peoples;
c.) Acceleration of the pace of interaction between and
among peoples, institutions, and other groups;
and
d.) Escalation of the dynamism and interdependence
between global and local actors.
Three attitudes toward Globalization (Giddens
2006; Held 1999). The anti-globalists, or
skeptics, claim that
the changes that we are seeing nowadays are
nothing new. They are in fact just part of a
process that began
centuries ago and that the globalization of the
present age is more of a hype or an
exaggerated representation
of economic, political, and social changes.
This can be explained by the relatively
intense movement and flow of information
brought by new technologies and new
imperatives to roam around the globe, but
this by no means entails any substantial
transformation or changes in our society.
Despite the changes at the international
level, anti-globalists still believe in the power
of nation-states in handling real-world
problems that affect different peoples across
the globe.
This view is contradicted by the more optimistic
and positive looking hyperglobalists who
sincerely believe that
globalization is happening and here to stay. It
has changed and is still changing our society
today, causing the
development of new ways of life, culture,
practices, and beliefs that reflect the
contemporary and modern
character of peoples across the globe.
For them, because of the ever-increasing reach
of global actors and
stakeholders, modern states and political actors
are slowly losing their power over issues that
affect people.
New entities, such as global market actors and
non-state actors are taking over the role of
helping the people
create a new sense of order based on mutual
understanding and trust with one another.
In between the two are the
transformationalists. They are people who
believe that globalization is real but that
there are things that remain constant in the
midst of rapid changes and shifts—like the
states and its power as found in the
government. States are here to stay because
of their central role in politics; they have to
adapt andmake themselves relevant all the
time.
To transformationalists, instead of merely seeing
the world as a
half-full or half-empty glass of water, they would
rather focus on the messy, interactive, and dynamic
transformations going on around us. They are
interested in pinpointing the dual effects of
globalization and
parochialization, or localization, and they shape our
societies these days.
Joseph Stiglitz (born in 1943) is a world renowned
American economist and academic from Columbia
University who published works that discuss and talk
about globalization. In his most celebrated work,
Globalization and its Discontents (2002), Stiglitz discusses
how current international organizations such have the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) are used to advance
and promote principles and policies that unfortunately
harm the interests of developing countries. This is due to
imperfect and inadequate market conditions that led to
unequal conditions favorable to powerful economic
actors at the global level.
Contemporary social scientists and
experts have devised ways to make sense
of globalization.
The three waves of globalization tell us
of the three main periods whereby
societies have transformed toward a
single global phenomenon (McGrew,
2014).
The First Wave (1450-1850) saw
territorial and political
expansion through conquest of
known European countries.
The Second Wave (1850-1945)
witnessed the
spread of imperial control of
European empires across the globe
and the advent of the industrial
revolution.
The Third Wave (1960s onwards)
shows us the ongoing
transformations brought by the
information age and
digital interaction.
The three-world system is a
system of classifying countries
used in the twentieth century
based on the level
of development (Giddens, 2006).
Here, first world is understood as
countries that have free-market and
capitalist economic systems; they
are industrialized as shown in their
high level of income, specialization
of skills, and mass production and
manufacturing of goods.;
second world is the classification
used to include countries that have
centralized and nationalized
economic systems; they are usually
found in the former
communist societies with strong
state intervention in the economy
third world is used to classify
societies that have weak and
developing economies. This is found
among former colonies who gained
independence and rely heavily on
their agriculture and have low or
middle levels of income.
Patterns of Globalization
speak of the major areas of
globalization since its
emergence up to the present
time.
First, economics is probably one of the main
areas of modern-day globalization due to
the tremendous effects of the changes in
the economic institutions, practices,
dynamics, processes and outcomes. This
can be seen in theemergence of the global
markets, transnational corporations and
entities, and eventually, ‘global
informational capitalism’ (McGrew, 2014).
Second, the military area involves
the growth and expansion of the
operations of the security sector as a
response to the growing concerns
over weapons of mass destruction,
terrorism, and renegade
states(McGrew, 2014).
Third is the legal area. This speaks of
the growing importance of having
international law to govern
transactions, trade, and interactions
from institutions and actors (McGrew
2014).
Fourth, the ecological area tells
us of the imperative to protect
ecosystems against the
widespread and
appalling environment abuse
from industries and governments
(McGrew, 2014).
Issues such as climate
change, overfishing, and forest
depletion, among others,
necessitated a rapid and collective
response from
states to mitigate the effects of
natural calamities, disasters,
environmental disasters, etc.
Fifth is the cultural
area. This area is concerned with the
changes in lifestyle, practices, ways of
life, beliefs, etc. brought by the
incessant movement of ideas from
media and movement of people
themselves (McGrew, 2014).
Lastly, the social area, or the
embodied movement, refers to
the phenomenon of migration of
peoples for work, education,
and new settlements (McGrew,
2014).
LESSON 2:
MIGRATION AND CHANGES IN
FILIPINO CULTURE
(Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics )
PREPARED BY: JERALYN F. PAMA
Migration of Filipinos is a
centuries-old phenomenon that
from the pre-colonial era up to the
present time. As an island nation,
early Filipinos have learned to
travel the seas and explore places
for new opportunities for their
communities.
This led to a series of migration for work
and eventual growth of remittances for
the economy to be kept afloat.
Through the years, this phenomenon has
had an effect not just on our economy but
also on our Filipino culture as a whole—
our sense of family, relationships,
practices, and beliefs.
| Learning Objectives
In this lesson, the student should be able to:
● To understand what ‘migration’ means in
the context of the Philippine society;
● To know the different waves of migration;
and
● To examine how the phenomenon of
migration affects Filipino culture.
| Key Concepts
● Migration - the movement of people
from one geographical location to
another.
● Pull factor - pertains to what motivates
people to migrate, basically negative
experiences and hardships
in their current residence.
● Push factor - pertains to what
motivates people to migrate,
basically positive and beneficial
experiences
in the host location or country.
● Internal migration - refers to
movement of people within a
territory or specific place.
● External migration - refers to
movement of people out of a certain
territory and to a different country or
continent.
● Emigrant - a person that leaves a
country or continent to reside in
another.
● Immigrant - a person that moves
into a different territory.
● Refugee - a person that resorts to
leaving their country due to crisis,
such as war.
● Permanent Filipino migrants -
encompass legal migrants and naturalized
citizens of their respective
host countries.
● Temporary Filipino migrants - persons
who stay in a different territory for a period
of time, and include
Overseas Filipino Workers who migrate due
to work arrangements.
● Irregular Filipino migrants -
encompass people who are
staying in a different territory
illegally.
Migration first and foremost should be
understood as an embodied movement
of peoples. For millennia,
people have traveled or migrated from
one place to another in search of new
places to settle, new communities
to build or integrate into, and new
resources to utilize.
TYPES OF MIGRATION
INTERNAL MIGRATION
is the movement of people
within a specific place or
territory like a state, country,
or continent
EXTERNAL MIGRATION
is the movement of people to
a different territory or place
such as to a different
country or continent.
There are three types of
people who migrate:
an emigrant is a person
who leaves one country to
go to another
There are three types of
people who migrate:
an immigrant is a person
who moves into a new
state or country
There are three types of
people who migrate:
a refugee is a person who is
forced to leave their country
because of a crisis in their
home country.
MOTIVATION FOR MIGRATION
There are two main reasons why
people migrate:
1. PUSH FACTORS
2. PULL FACTORS
PUSH FACTORS
tell us of the motivations people have
when they migrate due to lack of food,
armed conflict, disasters, and
impending crisis, among others things.
These factors are prone to societies that
have famine, civil wars, are prone to
natural disasters, or major political or
economic crises.
PULL FACTORS
on the other hand, include
motivations that are connected to
better conditions, opportunities,
resources, etc. in the host country.
People are motivated to migrate
because of the good climate, job
opportunities, and more health
benefits in the host country.
Figure 1.
International Migrants from 1970 to 2015
WAVES OF MIGRATION
The First Wave happened during the pre-
colonial and Spanish colonial eras. The
earliest recorded Filipino migration was in
1417 when a mission to travel to China was
sanctioned by Sultan Paduka Batara
(Center for Migrant Advocacy, n.d.). This
expedition of royalties from Sulu, it was
said, was meant to improve the trade and
diplomatic relations with China.
This was followed by the migration of
Filipinos working as seafarers to Mexico
during the Spanish colonial era. During that
time, too, Filipinos settled in the United
States to work in California
as fruit pickers (Center for Migrant
Advocacy, n.d.). In the nineteenth century,
Filipino migrants started to
appear in Europe for education, work, and
new residences (Center for Migrant
Advocacy, n.d.).
The Second Wave of migration took place
during the time of the American colonial era,
which saw the intencification of the embodied
movement of Filipinos to work in the US
(Center for Migrant Advocacy, n.d.). This
happened in 1906 in sugar plantations in
Hawaii (where 100,000 Filipinos were sent from
1906 to 1934 to work as fruit pickers) and later
on in Alaska for their growing fish cannery
industry.
The Third Wave of migration happened
after the Second World War, with the
growth of Filipino service men
working in the US Navy and migration of
Filipino workers and professionals to Asian
societies in the 1950s
(Center for Migrant Advocacy n.d.). During
this time, many Filipinos traveled to Sabah
and Sarawak for their
logging industry.
Some Filipinos went to Vietnam,
Thailand and Guam and worked
in the US military bases during
the war in Indochina (Vietnam,
Cambodia and Laos).
Figure 2.
Total of Filipino Migrants (2019)
TYPES OF FILIPINO MIGRANTS
1. Permanent Migrants
2. Temporary Migrants
3. Irregular Migrants
PERMANENT MIGRANTS
This category includes Filipino
immigrants, legal permanent
residents and naturalized citizens
of the host country
TEMPORARY MIGRANTS
Migrants whoare under this
category stay in their host
country for a certain period of
time. They are referred to
nowadays as Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs).
IRREGULAR MIGRANTS
People who belong to this category have lost
their legal status to work and are usually
without valid residence or work permits. They
are also known as overstaying
workers/tourists in their host country.
According to the recent government data,
there are two types of Filipino migrants
scattered across the globe: Employed and
Unemployed
EMPLOYED:
a.) Professional, Technical, and related
workers
b.) Managerial, Executive, and
Administrative workers
c.) Clerical workers
d.) Sales workers
EMPLOYED:
e.) Service workers
f.) Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Forestry
workers, and Fisherfolks
g.) Production process, transport equipment
operators, and laborers
h.) Members of the Armed Forces
UNEMPLOYED:
a.) Housewives
b.) Retirees
c.) Students
d.) Minors
e.) Out-of-school youth
f.) Refugees