Advanced Network
Technology
Course Code: CA313
Chapter 5: IP Routing
1
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This chapter covers the following CCNA exam topics:
3.0 IP Connectivity
• 3.1 Interpret the components of routing table
• 3.1.a Routing protocol code
• 3.1.b Prefix
• 3.1.c Network mask
• 3.1.d Next hop
• 3.1.e Administrative distance
• 3.1.f Metric
• 3.1.g Gateway of last resort
• 3.2 Determine how a router makes a forwarding decision by default
• 3.2.a Longest match
• 3.2.b Administrative distance
• 3.2.c Routing protocol metric
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This chapter covers the following CCNA exam topics:
• 3.3 Configure and verify IPv4 and IPv6 static routing
• 2 tier 3.3.a Default route
• 3.3.b Network route
• 3.3.c Host route
• 3.3.d Floating static
4.0 IP Services
4.3 Explain the role of DHCP and DNS within the network
4.6 Configure and verify DHCP client and relay
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What Routing?
The process of transferring data from one
local area network to another
Layer 3 devices
Routed protocol Enables to forward packet
from one router to another – Ex – IP, IPX
Routing protocol sends and receives routing
information packets to and from other
routers – Ex -RIP, OSPF , IGRP
Routing protocols gather and share the
routing information used to maintain and
update routing tables.
That routing information is in turn used to
route a routed protocol to its final
destination
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Routing
From To
Ali Omar
House #213, 4th Street House #452, 2nd
Hodon, Mogadishu Street
Shibis Mogadishu
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What is Routing?
[Link] [Link]
To route, a router needs to know:
Destination addresses
Sources it can learn from
Possible routes
Best route
How to maintain and verify routing
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What is Routing? (cont.)
[Link] [Link]
E0
S0
Network Destination Exit
Protocol Network Interface
Connected [Link] E0
Routed Protocol: IP
Learned [Link] S0
Routers must learn destinations
that are not directly connected
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Route Types
Static routing - network administrator
configures information about remote
networks manually. They are used to reduce
overhead and for security.
Dynamic routing - information is learned
from other routers, and routing protocols
adjust routes automatically.
Because of the extra administrative
requirements, static routing does not have
the scalability of dynamic routing.
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LAB –Configuration
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IP Routing
The different types of routing are:
Static routing
Default routing
Dynamic routing
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Static Routes
Benefits
No overhead on the router CPU
No bandwidth usage between routers
Adds security
Disadvantage
Administrator must really understand the
internetwork
If a network is added to the internetwork,
the administrator must add a route to it
on all routers
Not feasible in large networks
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Static Route Configuration
R1(config)#ip route network [mask]
{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]
• R1(config)# iproute DestAddress SNM Nexthop
address
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Static Route Configuration
ip route [destination_network] [mask] [next-hop_address or exitinterface]
[administrative_distance] [permanent
ip route The command used to create the static route.
destination_network The network you’re placing in the routing table.
mask The subnet mask being used on the network.
next-hop_address The address of the next-hop router that will
receive the packet and forward it to the remote network. This is a
router interface that’s on a directly connected network.
exitinterface You can use it in place of the next-hop address if you
want, but it’s got to be on a point-to-point link, such as a WAN
administrative_distance By default, static routes have an
administrative distance of 1 (or even 0 if you use an exit interface
instead of a next-hop address)
permanent If the interface is shut down, or the router can’t
communicate to the next-hop router, the route will automatically be
discarded from the routing table. Choosing the permanent option
keeps the entry in the routing table no matter what happens.
R1(config)#ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
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Verifying Static
Route Configuration
After static routes are configured, it is
important to verify that they are present in the
routing table and that routing is working as
expected.
The command show running-config is used to
view the active configuration in RAM to verify
that the static route was entered correctly.
The show ip route command is used to make
sure that the static route is present in the
routing table.
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Removing IP Route
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
S0
[Link] S0 S0 S1
E0 E0 [Link]
R2# config t
R2(config)#no ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
R2(config)#no ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
A B [Link]
[Link]
config t
R3# config t
config)#no ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
R3(config)#no ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
config)#no ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
R3(config)#no ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
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Default Routes
Can only use default routing on stub networks
Stub networks are those with only one exit
path out of the network
The only routers that are considered to be in
a stub network are R1 and R3
[Link] [Link].0.0.2
S0 S1
[Link] E0 S0 S0 E040.0.0.1
[Link]
[Link] A B [Link]
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Default Routes
Stub Network
[Link]
SO
Network
[Link] A BB
[Link] [Link]
ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
This route allows the stub network to reach all
known networks beyond router A.
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Configuring Default Routes
Default routes are used to route packets with destinations
that do not match any of the other routes in the routing
table.
A default route is a special static route that uses this
format:
ip route [Link] [Link] [next-hop-address | outgoing
interface]
This is sometimes referred to as a “Quad-Zero” route.
Example using next hop address:
Router(config)#ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
Example using the exit interface:
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The IP Routing Process
• I want to show you something called the
“longest match rule” first. Using this rule,
IP will scan a routing table to find the
longest match as compared to the
destination address of a packet. Figure 5.1
offers a picture of this process.
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The IP Routing Process
• Figure 5.1 illustrates a simple network.
Lab_A has four interfaces. Can you see
which interface will be used to forward an IP
datagram to a host with a destination IP
address of [Link]? By using the
command show ip route on a router, we can
see the routing table (map of the
internetwork) that Lab_A has used to make
its forwarding decisions:
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• The C in the routing table output means
The
thatIP
theRouting
networks listed Process are directly
connected. Until we add a routing protocol
like RIPv2, OSPF, etc., to the routers in our
internetwork, or enter static routes, only
directly connected networks will show up in
our routing table. The L is called a local host
route and each local route has a /32 prefix,
defining a route just for the one address.
• But let’s get back to the original question:
Looking at the figure and the output of the
routing table, what will IP do with a
received packet that has a destination IP
address of [Link]? The router will
packet-switch the packet to interface
FastEthernet 0/1, which will frame the
packet and thenAllsend itForout
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The IP Routing Process
• Looking at the output of the next routing
table, which interface will a packet with a
destination address of [Link] be
forwarded from?
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The IP Routing Process
• To figure this out, look closely at the output
until you see that the network is subnetted
and each interface has a different mask. I
have to tell you, you just can’t answer this
question if you can’t subnet! [Link]
would be a host in the [Link]/29 subnet
that’s connected to the FastEthernet0/1
interface. If you’re struggling with this, just
go back and reread Chapter 3, “Easy
Subnetting,” until you’ve got it.
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The Cisco
• For IP to lookRouter Internal
up a destination address in a
Process
routing table on a router processing in the
router must take place, and if there are tens
of thousands of routes in that table, the
amount of CPU time would be enormous.
• It results in a potentially overwhelming
amount of overhead—think about a router
at your ISP that has to calculate millions of
packets per second and even subnet to find
the correct exit interface!
• Cisco uses three types of packet-forwarding
techniques:
• Process switching
• Fast switching
• Cisco Express AllForwarding
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• Process switching: This is actually how
The
many Cisco
peopleRouter
see routers Internal
to this day,
Process
because it’s true that routers actually did
perform this type of bare-bones packet
switching back in 1990 when Cisco released
their very first router. But the days when
traffic demands were unimaginably light are
long gone—not in today’s networks! This
process is now extremely complex and
involves looking up every destination in the
routing table and finding the exit interface
for every packet.
• The internal process requires much more
than packet-switching technology today
because of the millions of packets per
second that must now be processed. So
Cisco came up with some
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The Cisco Router Internal
Process
• Fast switching: This solution was created to
make the slow performance of process
switching faster and more efficient. Fast
switching uses a cache to store the most
recently used destinations so that lookups
are not required for every packet. Caching
the exit interface of the destination device,
plus the layer 2 header, dramatically
improved performance, but as our networks
evolved with the need for even more speed,
Cisco created yet another technology.”
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The Cisco Router Internal
Process
• Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) This is Cisco’s
newest packet forwarding, performance optimizing
creation, and it’s the default method used on all the
latest Cisco routers. CEF makes many different cache
tables that enhance performance and is change
triggered, not packet triggered. Translated, this
means that when the network topology changes, the
cache changes along with it.
NB: To see which packet switching method your router
interface is using, use the command show ip interface.
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
• Since understanding IP routing is so
important, it’s time for a little test… How
well do you actually have the IP routing
process down so far? Let’s find out by
having you look at a couple of figures and
answering some very basic IP routing
questions based upon them.
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
• The critical information you want to get by looking at
this figure is exactly how IP routing will occur in this
example. Let’s determine the characteristics of a
frame as it leaves HostA. I’ll give you the answer, but
I still want you to go back over the figure and see if
you can answer example 2 without looking at three
step answer!
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
• The three step answer:
1. The destination address of a frame from HostA would
be the MAC address of Router A’s Fa0/0 interface.
2. The destination address of a packet would be the IP
address of the HTTP server’s network interface card
(NIC)
3. The destination port number in the segment header
would be 80
• That was a pretty straightforward scenario. One
thing to remember is that when multiple hosts are
communicating to a server via HTTP, they must all
use a different source port number. The source and
destination IP addresses and port numbers are how
the server keeps the data separated at the Transport
layer.
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
• Let’s complicate things by adding another device
into the network. Figure 5.5 shows a network with
only one router but two switches.
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
• Can you answer these questions?
1. What is the destination address of a frame from
HostA to HTTP Server?
2. What is destination address of a packet from
HostA to HTTP Server?
3. What would the destination port number in the
segment header be?
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
• Here is the answer:
1. The destination address of a frame from HostA to
HTTP Server is the MAC address of RouterA’s
Fa0/0 interface.
2. The destination address of a packet from HostA to
HTTP Server is the IP address of the HTTPS
server’s network interface card (NIC).
3. The destination port number in the segment
header will have a value of 443.
• Did you notice that the switches were not used as
either a default gateway or any other destination?
That’s because switches have nothing to do with
routing.
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Testing Your IP Routing
• Before moving on into some of the more advanced
Understanding
aspects of IP routing, let’s analyze another issue.
Take a look at the output of the Corp router’s routing
table:
• The corporate router received an IP packet with a
source IP address of [Link] and with
destination address192.168.22.3, what do you think
the Corp router will do with this packet?
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
• The packet came in on the FastEthernet 0/0
interface, but because the routing table doesn’t
show a route to network [Link] (or a default
route), the router will discard the packet and send
an ICMP destination unreachable message back out
to interface FastEthernet 0/0.
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
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Testing Your IP Routing
Understanding
• Take this as a Homework:
1. In order to begin communicating with the Sales server,
Host 4 sends out an ARP request. How will the devices
exhibited in the topology respond to this request?
2. Host 4 has received an ARP reply. Host 4 will now build
a packet, then place this packet in the frame. What
information will be placed in the header of the packet
that leaves Host 4 if Host 4 is going to communicate to
the Sales server?
3. The Lab_A router has received the packet and will send
it out Fa0/0 onto the LAN toward the server. What will
the frame have in the header as the source and
destination addresses?
4. Host 4 is displaying two web documents from the Sales
server in two browser windows at the same time. How
did the data find its way to the correct browser
windows?
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What is a Routing Protocol?
[Link] [Link]
E0
S0
Routing protocols are
used between
routers to determine
paths and maintain
routing tables.
Once the path is Network Destination Exit [Link]
determined a router can Protocol Network Interface
route a routed protocol.
Connected [Link] E0
RIP [Link] S0
IGRP [Link] S1
Routed Protocol: IP
Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP
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Autonomous Systems: Interior
or Exterior Routing Protocols
An autonomous system is a collection of
networks under a common administrative
domain.
IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
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Types or Classes of Routing
Protocols
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Types or Classes of Routing
Protocols
Distance Vector
RIP V1
IGRP
RIP V2
Link state
OSPF
Hybrid
EIGRP
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Administrative Distances
The administrative distance (AD) is used to rate the
trustworthiness of routing information received on a
router from a neighbor router. An administrative
distance is an integer from 0 to 255, where 0 is the
most trusted and 255 means no traffic will be passed
via this route.
If a router receives two updates listing the same
remote network, the first thing the router checks is
the AD. If one of the advertised routes has a lower
AD than the other, then the route with the lowest AD
will be placed in the routing table.
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Administrative Distances (Cont)
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Classful Routing Overview
Classful routing protocols do not include the subnet
mask with the route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the subnet
masks is assumed.
Summary routes are exchanged between foreign
networks.
Examples of classful routing protocols:
RIP Version 1 (RIPv1)
IGRP
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Classless Routing Overview
Classless routing protocols include the subnet
mask with the route advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support variable-
length subnet masking (VLSM) and subnetting
Examples of classless routing protocols:
RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS (Intermediate System to
Intermediate System)
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Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Routers pass periodic copies of routing table to
neighbor
routers and accumulate distance vectors.
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Distance Vector
Uses Bellman Ford Algorithm
It needs to find out the shortest path from one
network to other
How to determine which path is best?
[Link]
[Link]
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Distance Vector
[Link]
[Link]
There are two Distance Vector Protocol, Both uses
different metric
RIP – Hops
IGRP - Composite
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Distance Vector
2
1
R1 3
0
[Link]
2
[Link]
1
DV protocol are known as Routing by rumor
RIP uses only Hop count
RI routing table metric for [Link] network will
be
3
2
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Routing Information Protocol
(RIP)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a true distance-
vector routing protocol.
It sends the complete routing table out to all active
interfaces every 30 seconds
RIP only uses hop count to determine the best way to
a remote network
It has a maximum allowable hop count of 15
AD is 120
Bellman-ford algorithm
Works well in small networks, but it’s inefficient on
large networks
RIP version 1 uses only classful routing, which means
that all devices in the network must use the same
subnet mask
RIP version 2 does send subnet mask information
with the route updates. This is called classless
routing.
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Router Configuration
The router command starts a routing process.
The network command is required because it
enables the routing process to determine which
interfaces participate in the sending and
receiving of routing updates.
An example of a routing configuration is:
Gates(config)#router rip
Gates(config-router)#network [Link]
The network numbers are based on the network
class addresses, not subnet addresses or
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RIP Configuration
[Link] [Link]
S0
S0 S1
[Link] E0 S0
[Link] E0 [Link]
[Link]
R2# config t
R2(config)#router rip [Link]
A R2(config)#network [Link] B
[Link] R2(config)#network [Link]
R1# config t R3# config t
R1(config)# )#router rip R3(config)# )#router rip
R1(config)#network [Link] R3(config)#network [Link]
R1(config)#network [Link] R3(config)#network [Link]
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Verifying RIP Configuration
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Displaying the IP Routing Table
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debug ip rip Command
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Passive Interface
Passive-interface command prevents RIP
update broadcasts from being sent out a
defined interface, but same interface can
still receive RIP updates
R1#config t
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#network [Link]
R1(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0
Passive-interface command depends upon
the routing protocol
RIP router with a passive interface will still
learn about the networks advertised by
other routers
EIGRP, a passive-interface will neither send
nor receive updates.
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RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
R1# config t
R1(config)# )#router rip
R1(config)#network [Link]
R1(config)#network [Link]
R1(config)#version 2
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Exercise - RIP Version 2
Configuration
[Link]/30 [Link]/30
S0
S0 S1
E0 S0
E0
[Link]/29 [Link]/28
A B
1. Find out the IP Address and SNM of each interfaces
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Exercise - RIP Version 2
Configuration [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
S0
S0 S1
E0 S0 [Link]
[Link] E0255.255.255.240
[Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link]
A B [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
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Exercise - RIP Version 2
Configuration
[Link]/30 [Link]/30
S0
S0 S1
E0 S0
E0
R2# config t
[Link]/29 R2(config)#router rip [Link]/28
R2(config)#network [Link]
R2(config)#network [Link]
R2(config)#version 2
A B
R1# config t R3# config t
R1(config)# )#router rip R3(config)# )#router rip
R1(config)#network [Link] R3(config)#network [Link]
R1(config)#network [Link] R3(config)#network [Link]
R1(config)#version 2 R3(config)#version 2
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Question & Answer
62
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