Atomic Structure &
The Periodic Table
Structure of the Atom
3 types of subatomic particles:
protons
neutrons
electrons
really, really, really, really small
Protons
- positive charge, +1
- located in the nucleus
- atomic mass = 1.673 x 10-24 g
- 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
Neutrons
- neutral, no charge, 0
- located in the nucleus
- atomic mass = 1.675 x 10-24 g
- 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
Electrons
- negative charge, -1
- outside the nucleus
- atomic mass= 9.109 x 10-28 g
- 1/1840 amu≈ 0 amu
Atomic Mass Unit
AMU
The Carbon-12 atom is assigned a
mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units
All other masses are determined relative to
the mass of a Carbon-12 atom
electron
Nucleus
neutron
proton
Atomic Number
- number of protons in an atom
- each element has its own atomic #
- in neutral atoms
number of protons = number of electrons
atomic number
6 12.0107 atomic mass
C symbol
[He]2s22p3
carbon name
Use your periodic table to find the
atomic number of each element.
neon 10
zinc 30
sodium 11
Mass Number
- the total number of protons and
neutrons in an atom
Mass
Number = # Protons + # Neutrons
Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element that have
- different numbers of neutrons
- different mass numbers
Isotopes of Hydrogen
1p 1e 0n 1p 1e 1n 1p 1e 2n
Different numbers of neutrons
0 1 2
Isotopes of Hydrogen
1p 1e 0n 1p 1e 1n 1p 1e 2n
Different mass numbers
1+0 1+1 1+2
1 2 3
Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3
Naming Isotopes
Hydrogen-2
Mass Number
(p+n)
Represents the isotope of hydrogen
having mass number =2
Naming Isotopes
Sulfur-33
Mass Number
(p+n)
Represents the isotope of sulfur
having mass number =33
Symbolic Notation
Hydrogen -1
Mass
1 Number
Atomic Number 1
H
Symbolic Notation
Sulfur-33
Mass
33 Number
Atomic Number 16
S
Interpreting Symbolic Notation
11
5
B
5
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Number of Protons
Number of Electrons
Number of Neutrons
11
5
5
6
Interpreting Symbolic Notation
63
29
Cu
29
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Number of Protons
Number of Electrons
Number of Neutrons
63
29
29
34
Write symbolic notation for the
three isotopes of carbon.
6 12
6C
12.011
Carbon-12
C
13
Carbon
6C
Carbon-13
14
6C
Carbon-14
= Proton
= Neutron
Carbon
Isotopes
Identify the Following:
14
6
C
6
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Number of Protons
Number of Electrons
Number of Neutrons
14
6
6
8
Mass Spectrometer
• Used to determine relative abundance of isotopes
Atomic Mass
6 12.011
C
Carbon
weighted average mass
of all the isotopes of an element
Atomic Mass
- A sample of an element will contain
the different isotopes of that element
in different amounts
percent abundance
• Atomic Symbol:
– Short hand way to represent elements
– Symbol with either one or two letters
– First letter is capitalized
• Atomic Number:
– Number of protons in the atom
– Number of electrons in a neutral atom
• Atomic Mass:
– Average mass of all of the isotopes of the element
1869
• Dmitri Mendeleev
–1st widely accepted organization plan for elements
–Grouped elements by atomic mass
–Several elements not in correct order
–Left blank spaces
• where undiscovered elements should go
• predicted properties of undiscovered elements
Mendeleev’s Table of Elements
A sample of carbon will contain some of each
isotope: carbon-12 carbon-13 carbon-14
85% 10% 5%
12 12
C 12 12
C 6 C
6
6 C 6 12
C 12
12 6
6 C 12
C 6 C
12 6 12
12
C C 12
C C
6 12
6 6 6
13
C 6 C
12 13 6
12 12
C C
6 C 12C C 14
6 6
6
6
6 C
The atomic mass on the periodic table
is a weighted average mass
of all the isotopes of the element
6
C Atomic Mass
carbon
12.011
Calculating
Atomic Mass
6
C Atomic
carbon Mass
12.011
To calculate the Atomic Mass
of an element,
you need to know the
1) mass
2) percent abundance
of each isotope
Procedure
1) For each isotope, convert its percent abundance to a
decimal
2) Multiply this decimal by the atomic mass of the
isotope
* This product is the contribution of each
isotope to the atomic mass of the element
3) Add the contributions of each isotope
Example - Calculate the Atomic Mass of
Magnesium Given Isotope Data
Atomic %
Isotope Contribution to Atomic Mass
Mass Abundance
Mg-24 23.985 78.99% (23.985amu)(0.7899) = 18.95amu
Mg-25 24.986 10.00% (24.986)(0.1000) = 2.499 amu
Mg-26 25.982 11.01% (25.982)(0.1101) = 2.861 amu
Atomic Mass = 24.31 amu
•Check the Periodic Table
to see if you are correct
Example 1
Silver has 2 isotopes: Ag-107, Ag-109
Silver-107 mass: 106.905 amu
abundance = 52.00%
Silver-109 mass: 108.905 amu
abundance: 48.00%
Calculate the atomic mass of silver.
1st Calculate Silver-107’s contribution
to the atomic mass.
Silver-107 mass: 106.905 amu
abundance = 52.00%
=
(.5200) (106.905) 55.5906 amu
percent mass of contribution
abundance the isotope from silver-107
2nd Calculate Silver-109’s contribution
to the atomic mass.
Silver-109 mass: 108.905 amu
abundance: 48.00%
=
(.4800) (108.905) 52.2744 amu
percent mass of contribution
abundance the isotope from silver-109
3rd Add the contributions of both isotopes
to find the atomic mass of silver
55.5906 amu + 52.2744 amu
from silver-107 from silver-109
= 107.865 amu
Round to 4 sig figs 107.9 amu
Example 2
Data for chromium’s 4 naturally occurring
isotopes is provided below.
Calculate chromium’s atomic mass.
Cr-50 4.35% 49.946 amu
Cr-52 83.79% 51.941 amu
Cr-53 9.50% 52.941 amu
Cr-54 2.36% 53.939 amu
For each isotope: (% abundance)(mass)
Cr-50 (.0435)(49.946 amu) = 2.172651 amu
Cr-52 (.8379)(51.941 amu) = 43.5213639 amu
Cr-53 (.0950)(52.941 amu) = 5.02935 amu
Cr-54 (.0236)(53.939 amu) = 1.2729604 amu
Total 51.996370
Round to 3 sig figs 352.0 amu
Example 3
Chlorine, with atomic mass of 35.43 amu,
Has 2 naturally occurring isotopes, Cl-35 & Cl-37.
Which isotope occurs in more abundance?
Cl-35
How do you know this?
The mass of Cl-35 is 35, which is closer to
35.43, so it must have greater abundance.
Example 4
Which isotope of Boron has the greatest
abundance? B-10 or B-11
B-11
How do you know this?
The atomic mass of boron is 10.811, which is closer to 11 than 10