IP Addresses

IP Addresses: Classful Addressing

 CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
• Different Network Classes
• Subnetting
• Classless Addressing
• Supernetting
•CIDR (classless Interdomain Routing)
4.1

INTRODUCTION
 What is an IP Address?

 An IP address is a unique global address for a network interface.

 An IP address:
- is a 32 bit long identifier.
- encodes a network number (network prefix)
and a host number.
 What is an IP Address?

An IP address is a 32-bit address.

The IP addresses are unique.

Address Space

…………..
addr1 …………..
addr15
addr2 ………….. …………..
…………..

addr41 addr226
addr31
…………..
…………..
IPv4 address space

The address space of IPv4 is 232 or 4,294,967,296.

 Address space rule

…………..
addr1 …………..
The addr2
address space
addr15
in a protocol that uses N-bits to define
…………..
an Address is: 2 N …………..
…………..
addr41 addr226
addr31
………….. …………..
Basic Addressing

 Why is each section a number

between 0 and 255? Dots separate the sections
• Computers operate in binary,
humans operate in decimal.
• Computers treat IP addresses
as a single large 32 digit [Link]
binary number, but this is
hard for people to do.
• So, we split them up into four
smaller sections so we can
remember and work with Each section
them better! contains a number
between 0 and 255
Why????
Basic Addressing

[Link]
 32/4 == 8.
 28 = 256. 00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001
 But, computers number starting 8 8 8 8
at 0, so to make a space of 256 32
numbers, we number from 0 to
255.
Each 8 digit group
represents a number
between 0 and 255
 Binary Notation

01110101 10010101 00011101 11101010

Dotted Decimal Notation

 IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal notation.

 Each byte is identified by a decimal number in the range [0..255]:

Example:

10000000 10001111 10001001 10010000

1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte
= 128 = 143 = 137 = 144

[Link]
Figure 4-1

Dotted-decimal notation
 Hexadecimal Notation

0111 0101 1001 0101 0001 1101 1110 1010

75 95 1D EA

0x75951DEA
 Example 1

Change the following IP address from binary notation to dotted-decimal

notation.
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

[Link]
 Example 2

Change the following IP address from dotted-decimal notation to

binary notation:
[Link]

Solution

01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110

 Example 3

Find the error in the following IP Address [Link]

Solution

There are no leading zeroes in Dotted-decimal notation (045)

 Example 3 (continued)

Find the error in the following IP Address [Link]

Solution

In decimal notation each number <= 255

301 is out of the range
 Example 4

Change the following binary IP address Hexadecimal notation

10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

0X810B0BEF or 810B0BEF16
CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
Figure 4-2

Occupation of the address space

Basic Addressing

 Each device on a network is

assigned an IP address. [Link]
 Each IP address has two
fundamental parts:
00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001
• The network portion, which
describes the physical wire

Network

Host
the device is attached to.
• The host portion, which
identifies the host on that
wire.
• How can we tell the
difference between the two
sections?
Basic Addressing

 The network mask shows us [Link]

where to split the network
and host sections.
00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001
 Each place there is a 1 in the
network mask, that binary

Network

Host
digit belongs to the network
portion of the address.
 Each place there is a 0 in the
network mask, that binary
digit belongs to the host 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
portion of the address.

[Link]
Basic Addressing

 An alternative set of [Link]

terminology is:
• The network portion of the
00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001
address is called the prefix.
• The host portion of the

Prefix

Host
address is called the host.
• The network mask is
expressed as a prefix length,
which is a count of the
number of 1’s in the subnet
mask. 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

8 + 8 + 8 = 24

[Link]/24
Basic Addressing

 The network address is the 10 1 1 0/24

IP address with all 0’s in the 00001010 000000011 00000001 00000000
host bits.
prefix host
 The broadcast address is the
IP address with all 1’s in the these bits are 0, so this is the network address
host bits.
 Packets sent to either 10 1 1 255/24
address will be delivered to 00001010 000000011 00000001 11111111
all the hosts connected to
prefix host
the wire.
these bits are 1, so this is the broadcast address
In classful addressing the address space is divided into 5 classes:

A, B, C, D, and E.
Figure 4-3

Finding the class in binary notation

Figure 4-4

Finding the address class

 Example 5

Show that Class A has 231 = 2,147,483,648 addresses.

 Example 6

Find the class of the following IP addresses

00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

•00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

1st is 0, hence it is Class A
•11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
1st and 2nd bits are 1, and 3rd bit is 0 hence, Class C
Figure 4-5

Finding the class in decimal notation

 Example 7

Find the class of the following addresses

[Link]
[Link]

Solution

•[Link]
1st byte = 158 (128<158<191) class B
•[Link]
1st byte = 227 (224<227<239) class D
 IP address with appending port number

• [Link]:25
• the for octet before colon is the IP address.
• The number of colon (25) is the port number.
Network Addresses

The network address is the first address.

The network address defines the network to the rest of the Internet.

Given the network address, we can find the class of the address, the
block, and the range of the addresses in the block.
Figure 4-6

Netid and hostid

In classful addressing, the network address (the first address in the block
is the one that is assigned to the organization.
 Example 8

Given the network address [Link], find the

class, the block, and the range of the addresses

Solution

The 1st byte is between 128 and 191.

Hence, Class B
The block has a netid of 132.21.
The addresses range from
[Link] to [Link].
 Mask

• A mask is a 32-bit binary number.

• The mask is ANDeD with IP address to get
• The bloc address (Network address)
• Mask And IP address = Block Address
Figure 4-10

Masking concept
Figure 4-11

AND operation
 The network address is the beginning address of each block.
It can be found by applying the default mask to any of the addresses in
the block (including itself).
It retains the netid of the block and sets the hostid to zero.
 Default Mak

• Class A default mask is [Link]

• Class B default mask is [Link]
• Class C Default mask [Link]
Network prefix and Host number
 The network prefix identifies a network and the host number identifies a
specific host (actually, interface on the network).

network prefix host number

 How do we know how long the network prefix is?
– The network prefix used to be implicitly defined (class-based
addressing, A,B,C,D…)
– The network prefix now is flexible and is indicated by a prefix/netmask
(classless).
Example

Example: [Link]
IP address is [Link]

– Is that enough??? -> No, need netmask or prefix

Using Prefix notation IP address is: [Link]/16

– Network prefix is 16 bits long

Network mask is: [Link] or hex format: ffff0000

-----> Network id (IP address AND Netmask) is: [Link]

-----> Host number (IP address AND inverse of Netmask) is: 137.144

128.143 137.144
Subnetting

• Problem: Organizations have

multiple groups/entities within
their organization which are University
UniversityNetwork
Network
independently managed. Each
would prefer to manage their own Engineering Medical
IT facilities, i.e., own network School School
– Solution 1: Allocate to each
entity their own IP
network/domain Library
• Organization must own
multiple IP address
domains
• Expensive (each IP domain
costs money) and
cumbersome to manage
– Solution 2: Add another level Subnetting
of hierarchy to the existing IP
addressing structure
Basic Idea of Subnetting

• Split the host number portion of an IP address into a subnet number and a
(smaller) host number.
• Result is a 3-layer hierarchy

network prefix host number

network prefix subnet number host number

• Then: extended network prefix

• Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization
• Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks
• Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization
 Chapter 5

Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing

 CONTENTS

• SUBNETTING
• SUPERNETTING
• CLASSLESS ADDRSSING
5.1

SUBNETTING
IP addresses are designed with two levels of hierarchy.
Figure 5-1

A network with two levels of hierarchy (not subnetted)

Figure 5-2

A network with three levels of hierarchy (subnetted)

 Note

• Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from the host part and add them
the network part.
Figure 5-3

Addresses in a network with and without subnetting

Figure 5-5

Default mask and subnet mask

 Finding the Subnet Address

Given an IP address, we can find the subnet address the same way we
found the network address. We apply the mask to the address. We can
do this in two ways: straight or short-cut.
Straight Method
In the straight method, we use binary notation for both the address
and the mask and then apply the AND operation to find the subnet
address.
 Example 9

What is the subnetwork address if the destination address is [Link]

and the subnet mask is [Link]?
 Solution

11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000

11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000

The subnetwork address is [Link].

Short-Cut Method
** If the byte in the mask is 255, copy the byte in the address.
** If the byte in the mask is 0, replace the byte in the address with 0.
** If the byte in the mask is neither 255 nor 0, we write the mask and
the address in binary and apply the AND operation.
 Example 10

What is the subnetwork address if the destination address is [Link] and

the mask is [Link]?

Solution

See next slide

Figure 5-6

Solution
Figure 5-7

Comparison of a default mask and a subnet mask

The number of subnets must be a power of 2.
 Example 11

A company is granted the site address [Link] (class C). The company
needs six subnets. Design the subnets.

Solution

The number of 1s in the default

mask is 24 (class C).
 Solution (Continued)

The company needs six subnets. This number 6 is not a power of 2. The next
number that is a power of 2 is 8 (23). We need 3 more 1s in the subnet mask.
The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is 27 (24 + 3).
The total number of 0s is 5 (32 - 27). The mask is
 Solution (Continued)

11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000

or
[Link]

The number of subnets is 8.

The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the number
of 0s) or 32.
See Next slide
Figure 5-8
Example 3
 Example 12

A company is granted the site address [Link] (class B). The company
needs 1000 subnets. Design the subnets.

Solution

The number of 1s in the default mask is 16 (class B).

 Solution (Continued)

The company needs 1000 subnets. This number is not a power of 2. The
next number that is a power of 2 is 1024 (210). We need 10 more 1s in
the subnet mask.
The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is 26 (16 + 10).
The total number of 0s is 6 (32 - 26).
 Solution (Continued)
The mask is

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

or
[Link].
The number of subnets is 1024.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 26 (6 is the number of 0s) or 64.
See next slide
Figure 5-9
Example 4
Figure 5-10
Variable-length subnetting
SUPERNETTING
 What is supernetting?

• Supernetting is the opposite of subnetting.

• In subnetting you borrow bits from the host part.
• Supernetting is done by borrowing bits from the network side.
• And combine a group of networks into one large supernetwork.
Figure 5-11
A supernetwork
Rules:
 The number of blocks must be a power of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, . . .).
The blocks must be contiguous in the address space (no gaps between the
blocks).
The third byte of the first address in the superblock must be evenly divisible
by the number of blocks. In other words, if the number of blocks is N, the
third byte must be divisible by N.
 Example 5

A company needs 600 addresses. Which of the following set of class C blocks
can be used to form a supernet for this company?
[Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
 Solution

1: No, there are only three blocks.

2: No, the blocks are not contiguous.
3: No, 31 in the first block is not divisible by 4.
4: Yes, all three requirements are fulfilled.
In subnetting, we need the first address of the subnet and the subnet
mask to define the range of addresses.
 In supernetting, we need the first address of the supernet
and the supernet mask to define the range of addresses.
Figure 5-12
Comparison of subnet, default, and supernet masks
 Example 13

We need to make a supernetwork out of 16 class C blocks. What is the

supernet mask?

Solution

We need 16 blocks. For 16 blocks we need to change four 1s to 0s in the

default mask. So the mask is
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
or
[Link]
 Example 14

A supernet has a first address of [Link] and a supernet mask of

[Link]. A router receives three packets with the following
destination addresses:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Which packet belongs to the supernet?
 Solution

We apply the supernet mask to see if we can find the beginning address.
[Link] AND [Link]  [Link]
[Link] AND [Link]  [Link]
[Link] AND [Link]  [Link]
Only the first address belongs to this supernet.
 Example 15

A supernet has a first address of [Link] and a supernet mask of

[Link]. How many blocks are in this supernet and what is the
range of addresses?

Solution

The supernet has 21 1s. The default mask has 24 1s. Since the difference is 3,
there are 23 or 8 blocks in this supernet. The blocks are [Link] to
[Link]. The first address is [Link]. The last address is
[Link].
5.3

CLASSLESS ADDRESSING
Number of Addresses in a Block
There is only one condition on the number of addresses in a block;
it must be a power of 2 (2, 4, 8, . . .). A household may be given a
block of 2 addresses. A small business may be given 16 addresses.
A large organization may be given 1024 addresses.
Figure 5-13

Variable-length blocks
Beginning Address
The beginning address must be evenly divisible by the number of
addresses. For example, if a block contains 4 addresses, the beginning
address must be divisible by 4. If the block has less than 256 addresses,
we need to check only the rightmost byte. If it has less than 65,536
addresses, we need to check only the two rightmost bytes, and so on.
 Example 16

Which of the following can be the beginning address of a block that contains
1024 addresses?
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Solution

To be divisible by 1024, the rightmost byte of an address should be 0 and the

second rightmost byte must be divisible by 4. Only the address [Link]
meets this condition.
Figure 5-14
Slash notation
Slash notation is also called CIDR notation.
 Example 17

A small organization is given a block with the beginning address and the
prefix length [Link]/29 (in slash notation). What is the range of the
block?
 Solution

• The beginning address is [Link]. To find the last address

we keep the first 29 bits and change the last 3 bits to 1s.
• Beginning: 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011000
• Ending : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011111
• There are only 8 addresses in this block.
 Example 17 cont’d

We can find the range of addresses in Example 17 by another method. We

can argue that the length of the suffix is 32 - 29 or 3. So there are 23 = 8
addresses in this block. If the first address is [Link], the last address
is [Link] (24 + 7 = 31).
 A block in classes A, B, and C can easily be represented in slash
notation as A.B.C.D/ n where n is either 8 (class A), 16 (class B),
or 24 (class C).
 Example 18

What is the network address if one of the addresses is [Link]/27?

Solution

The prefix length is 27, which means that we must keep the first 27 bits as is
and change the remaining bits (5) to 0s. The 5 bits affect only the last byte.
The last byte is 01010010. Changing the last 5 bits to 0s, we get 01000000 or
64. The network address is [Link]/27.
Example 19

An organization is granted the block [Link]/26. The organization

needs to have four subnets. What are the subnet addresses and the range of
addresses for each subnet?

Solution

The suffix length is 6. This means the total number of addresses in the block
is 64 (26). If we create four subnets, each subnet will have 16 addresses.
Solution (Continued)

Let us first find the subnet prefix (subnet mask). We need four subnets, which
means we need to add two more 1s to the site prefix. The subnet prefix is then
/28.
Subnet 1: [Link]/28 to [Link]/28.
Subnet 2 : [Link]/28 to [Link]/28.
Subnet 3: [Link]/28 to [Link]/28.
Subnet 4: [Link]/28 to [Link]/28.
See Figure 5.15
Figure 5-15
Example 19 cont’d
 Example 20

An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with [Link]/16. The ISP

needs to distribute these addresses to three groups of customers as follows:
1. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256 addresses.
2. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128 addresses.
3. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64 addresses.

Design the subblocks and give the slash notation for each subblock. Find out
how many addresses are still available after these allocations.
 Solution

Group 1
For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This means the
suffix length is 8 (28 = 256). The prefix length is then 32 - 8 = 24.
01: [Link]/24 [Link]/24
02: [Link]/24 [Link]/24
…………………………………..
64: [Link]/24[Link]/24
Total = 64  256 = 16,384
 Solution (Continued)

Group 2
For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This means the suffix
length is 7 (27 = 128). The prefix length is then 32 - 7 = 25. The addresses
are:
001: [Link]/25 [Link]/25
002: [Link]/25 [Link]/25
………………..
128: [Link]/25 [Link]/25
Total = 128  128 = 16,384
 Solution (Continued)

Group 3
For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This means the suffix
length is 6 (26 = 64). The prefix length is then 32 - 6 = 26.
001:[Link]/26 [Link]/26
002:[Link]/26 [Link]/26
…………………………
128:[Link]/26 [Link]/26
Total = 128  64 = 8,192
 Solution (Continued)

Number of granted addresses: 65,536

Number of allocated addresses: 40,960
Number of available addresses: 24,576