Stacks and Queues

Stack and Queue / Slide 2

Stack Overview
 Stack ADT
 Basic operations of stack
 Pushing, popping etc.
 Implementations of stacks using
 array
 linked list
Stack and Queue / Slide 3

Stack ADT
 A stack is a list in which insertion and deletion take
place at the same end
 This end is called top
 The other end is called bottom

 Stacks are known as LIFO (Last In, First Out) lists.

 The last element inserted will be the first to be retrieved
Stack and Queue / Slide 4

Push and Pop

 Primary operations: Push and Pop
 Push
 Add an element to the top of the stack
 Pop
 Remove the element at the top of the stack

empty stack push an element push another pop

top
B
top top A
A A
top
Stack and Queue / Slide 5

Implementation of Stacks
 Any list implementation could be used to
implement a stack
 Arrays (static: the size of stack is given initially)
 Linked lists (dynamic: never become full)
 We will explore implementations based on
array and linked list
 Let’s see how to use an array to implement a
stack first
Stack and Queue / Slide 6

Stack class
class Stack {
public:
Stack(int size = 10); // constructor
~Stack() { delete [] values; } // destructor
bool IsEmpty() { return top == -1; }
bool IsFull() { return top == maxTop; }
double Top(); // examine, without popping
void Push(const double x);
double Pop();
void DisplayStack();
private:
int maxTop; // max stack size = size - 1
int top; // current top of stack
double* values; // element array
};
Stack and Queue / Slide 7

Stack class
 Attributes of Stack
 maxTop: the max size of stack
 top: the index of the top element of stack
 values: point to an array which stores elements of stack
 Operations of Stack
 IsEmpty: return true if stack is empty, return false otherwise
 IsFull: return true if stack is full, return false otherwise
 Top: return the element at the top of stack
 Push: add an element to the top of stack
 Pop: delete the element at the top of stack
 DisplayStack: print all the data in the stack
Stack and Queue / Slide 8

Array impln: Create Stack

 The constructor of Stack
 Allocate a stack array of size. By default,
size = 10.
 Initially top is set to -1. It means the stack is empty.
 When the stack is full, top will have its maximum
value, i.e. size – 1.
Stack::Stack(int size /*= 10*/) {
values = new double[size];
top = -1;
maxTop = size - 1;
}

Although the constructor dynamically allocates the stack array,

the stack is still static. The size is fixed after the initialization.
Stack and Queue / Slide 9

Array Impln: Push Stack

 void Push(const double x);
 Push an element onto the stack
 Note top always represents the index of the top
element. After pushing an element, increment top.

void Stack::Push(const double x) {

if (IsFull()) // if stack is full, print error
cout << "Error: the stack is full." << endl;
else
values[++top] = x;
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 10

Array Impln: Pop Stack

 double Pop()
 Pop and return the element at the top of the stack
 Don’t forgot to decrement top

double Stack::Pop() {
if (IsEmpty()) { //if stack is empty, print error
cout << "Error: the stack is empty." << endl;
return -1;
}
else {
return values[top--];
}
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 11

Array Impln: Stack Top

 double Top()
 Return the top element of the stack
 Unlike Pop, this function does not remove the top
element

double Stack::Top() {
if (IsEmpty()) {
cout << "Error: the stack is empty." << endl;
return -1;
}
else
return values[top];
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 12

Array Impln:
Printing all the elements
 void DisplayStack()
 Print all the elements

void Stack::DisplayStack() {
cout << "top -->";
for (int i = top; i >= 0; i--)
cout << "\t|\t" << values[i] << "\t|" << endl;
cout << "\t|---------------|" << endl;
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 13

Using Stack
result
int main(void) {
Stack stack(5);
[Link](5.0);
[Link](6.5);
[Link](-3.0);
[Link](-8.0);
[Link]();
cout << "Top: " << [Link]() << endl;

[Link]();
cout << "Top: " << [Link]() << endl;
while (![Link]()) [Link]();
[Link]();
return 0;
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 14

Implementation based on Linked List

 Now let’s implement a stack based on a linked list
 To make the best out of the code of List, we
implement Stack by inheriting List
 To let Stack access private member head, we make
Stack as a friend of List
class List {
public:
List(void) { head = NULL; } // constructor
~List(void); // destructor
bool IsEmpty() { return head == NULL; }
Node* InsertNode(int index, double x);
int FindNode(double x);
int DeleteNode(double x);
void DisplayList(void);
private:
Node* head;
friend class Stack;
};
Stack and Queue / Slide 15

Implementation based on Linked List

class Stack : public List {
public:
Stack() {} // constructor
~Stack() {} // destructor
double Top() {
if (head == NULL) {
cout << "Error: the stack is empty." << endl;
return -1;
}
else
return head->data;
}
void Push(const double x) { InsertNode(0, x); }
double Pop() {
if (head == NULL) {
cout << "Error: the stack is empty." << endl;
return -1;
}
else {
double val = head->data;
DeleteNode(val); Note: the stack
return val;
} implementation
} based on a linked
void DisplayStack() { DisplayList(); }
}; list will never be full.
Stack and Queue / Slide 16

Application: Balancing Symbols

 To check that every right brace, bracket, and
parentheses must correspond to its left counterpart
 e.g. [( )] is legal, but [( ] ) is illegal
 Algorithm
(1) Make an empty stack.
(2) Read characters until end of file
i. If the character is an opening symbol, push it onto the stack
ii. If it is a closing symbol, then if the stack is empty, report an error
iii. Otherwise, pop the stack. If the symbol popped is not the
corresponding opening symbol, then report an error
(3) At end of file, if the stack is not empty, report an error
Stack and Queue / Slide 17

Array implementation versus

linked list implementations
 push, pop, top are all constant-time
operations in both array implementation and
linked list implementation
 For array implementation, the operations are
performed in very fast constant time
Stack and Queue / Slide 18

Queue Overview
 Queue ADT
 Basic operations of queue
 Enqueuing, dequeuing etc.
 Implementation of queue
 Array
 Linked list
Stack and Queue / Slide 19

Queue ADT
 Like a stack, a queue is also a list. However, with a
queue, insertion is done at one end, while deletion is
performed at the other end.

 Accessing the elements of queues follows a First In,

First Out (FIFO) order.
 Like customers standing in a check-out line in a store, the
first customer in is the first customer served.
Stack and Queue / Slide 20

Enqueue and Dequeue

 Primary queue operations: Enqueue and Dequeue
 Like check-out lines in a store, a queue has a front
and a rear.
 Enqueue – insert an element at the rear of the
queue
 Dequeue – remove an element from the front of
the queue

Remove Insert
(Dequeue) front rear (Enqueue)
Stack and Queue / Slide 21

Implementation of Queue
 Just as stacks can be implemented as arrays
or linked lists, so with queues.
 Dynamic queues have the same advantages
over static queues as dynamic stacks have
over static stacks
Stack and Queue / Slide 22

Queue Implementation of Array

 There are several different algorithms to
implement Enqueue and Dequeue
 Naïve way
 When enqueuing, the front index is always fixed
and the rear index moves forward in the array.
rear rear rear

3 3 6 3 6 9

front front front

Enqueue(3) Enqueue(6) Enqueue(9)
Stack and Queue / Slide 23

Queue Implementation of Array

 Naïve way (cont’d)
 When dequeuing, the front index is fixed, and the
element at the front the queue is removed. Move
all the elements after it by one position.
(Inefficient!!!)

rear rear rear = -1

6 9 9

front front front

Dequeue() Dequeue() Dequeue()
Stack and Queue / Slide 24

Queue Implementation of Array

 A better way
 When an item is enqueued, the rear index moves
forward.
 When an item is dequeued, the front index also
moves forward by one element

(front) XXXXOOOOO (rear)

OXXXXOOOO (after 1 dequeue, and 1 enqueue)
OOXXXXXOO (after another dequeue, and 2 enqueues)
OOOOXXXXX (after 2 more dequeues, and 2 enqueues)
The problem here is that the rear index cannot move beyond the
last element in the array.
Stack and Queue / Slide 25

Implementation using Circular Array

 Using a circular array
 When an element moves past the end of a circular
array, it wraps around to the beginning, e.g.
 OOOOO7963  4OOOO7963 (after Enqueue(4))
 After Enqueue(4), the rear index moves from 3 to 4.
 How to detect an empty or full queue, using a
circular array algorithm?
 Use a counter of the number of elements in the queue.
Stack and Queue / Slide 26

Queue Implementation of Linked List

class Queue {
public:
Queue(int size = 10); // constructor
~Queue() { delete [] values; } // destructor
bool IsEmpty(void);
bool IsFull(void);
bool Enqueue(double x);
bool Dequeue(double & x);
void DisplayQueue(void);
private:
int front; // front index
int rear; // rear index
int counter; // number of elements
int maxSize; // size of array queue
double* values; // element array
};
Stack and Queue / Slide 27

Queue Class
 Attributes of Queue
 front/rear: front/rear index
 counter: number of elements in the queue
 maxSize: capacity of the queue
 values: point to an array which stores elements of the queue
 Operations of Queue
 IsEmpty: return true if queue is empty, return false otherwise
 IsFull: return true if queue is full, return false otherwise
 Enqueue: add an element to the rear of queue
 Dequeue: delete the element at the front of queue
 DisplayQueue: print all the data
Stack and Queue / Slide 28

Create Queue
 Queue(int size = 10)
 Allocate a queue array of size. By default, size = 10.
 front is set to 0, pointing to the first element of the
array
 rear is set to -1. The queue is empty initially.

Queue::Queue(int size /* = 10 */) {

values = new double[size];
maxSize = size;
front = 0;
rear = -1;
counter = 0;
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 29

IsEmpty & IsFull

 Since we keep track of the number of elements
that are actually in the queue: counter, it is
easy to check if the queue is empty or full.

bool Queue::IsEmpty() {
if (counter) return false;
else return true;
}
bool Queue::IsFull() {
if (counter < maxSize) return false;
else return true;
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 30

Enqueue
bool Queue::Enqueue(double x) {
if (IsFull()) {
cout << "Error: the queue is full." << endl;
return false;
}
else {
// calculate the new rear position (circular)
rear = (rear + 1) % maxSize;
// insert new item
values[rear] = x;
// update counter
counter++;
return true;
}
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 31

Dequeue
bool Queue::Dequeue(double & x) {
if (IsEmpty()) {
cout << "Error: the queue is empty." << endl;
return false;
}
else {
// retrieve the front item
x = values[front];
// move front
front = (front + 1) % maxSize;
// update counter
counter--;
return true;
}
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 32

Printing the elements

void Queue::DisplayQueue() {
cout << "front -->";
for (int i = 0; i < counter; i++) {
if (i == 0) cout << "\t";
else cout << "\t\t";
cout << values[(front + i) % maxSize];
if (i != counter - 1)
cout << endl;
else
cout << "\t<-- rear" << endl;
}
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 33

Using Queue

int main(void) {
Queue queue(5);
cout << "Enqueue 5 items." << endl;
for (int x = 0; x < 5; x++)
[Link](x);
cout << "Now attempting to enqueue again..." << endl;
[Link](5);
[Link]();
double value;
[Link](value);
cout << "Retrieved element = " << value << endl;
[Link]();
[Link](7);
[Link]();
return 0;
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 34

Queue Implementation based on Linked

class Queue { List
public:
Queue() { // constructor
front = rear = NULL;
counter = 0;
}
~Queue() { // destructor
double value;
while (!IsEmpty()) Dequeue(value);
}
bool IsEmpty() {
if (counter) return false;
else return true;
}
void Enqueue(double x);
bool Dequeue(double & x);
void DisplayQueue(void);
private:
Node* front; // pointer to front node
Node* rear; // pointer to last node
int counter; // number of elements
};
Stack and Queue / Slide 35

Enqueue
void Queue::Enqueue(double x) {
Node* newNode = new Node;
newNode->data = x;
newNode->next = NULL;
if (IsEmpty()) {
front = newNode;
rear = newNode;
} rear

else { 8 5
rear->next = newNode;
rear = newNode;
rear
}
counter++; 8 5
} newNode
Stack and Queue / Slide 36

Dequeue
bool Queue::Dequeue(double & x) {
if (IsEmpty()) {
cout << "Error: the queue is empty." << endl;
return false;
}
else {
x = front->data;
Node* nextNode = front->next;
delete front;
front = nextNode;
counter--;
} front
}
3 8 5

front

8 5
Stack and Queue / Slide 37

Printing all the elements

void Queue::DisplayQueue() {
cout << "front -->";
Node* currNode = front;
for (int i = 0; i < counter; i++) {
if (i == 0) cout << "\t";
else cout << "\t\t";
cout << currNode->data;
if (i != counter - 1)
cout << endl;
else
cout << "\t<-- rear" << endl;
currNode = currNode->next;
}
}
Stack and Queue / Slide 38

Result
 Queue implemented using linked list will be
never full

based on array based on linked list