Chapter 3

Literature Review
LITERATURE REVIEW
+ Literature review is work that some one has already
conducted.

2
Quoting Techniques
Quoting Techniques …
 Quoting is using the exact words of the author,
which must be accurate, with the same punctuation
and spelling.
 There are two basic ways of using quotations:
 Quotation marks (inverted commas) are put
around the author's actual words, which are then
incorporated in the text: this is often used for
short quotations.
e.g. ‘Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of
how individuals and groups act within
organizations, focusing on understanding and
improving workplace dynamics, communication,
and performance..' Roberts, K. (2020) 3
Paraphrasing Techniques …

Paraphrasing Techniques …
 Paraphrasing is using your own words to report
someone else's writing, but maintaining an
academic style.
 Rewriting a text for the purpose of including it in
your own writing can be done in several ways.
 By changing the vocabulary (verbs/nouns)
e.g. Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of how
individuals and groups act within organizations,
focusing on understanding and improving workplace
dynamics, communication, and performance.
In simpler terms, Organizational Behavior (OB)
examines the behavior of individuals and groups in 4
 Literature Review
Citation …
 The American Psychological Association’s (APA) in-
text citations mention the author (last name only)
and the date of the cited publication, not the author
and page number.
e.g. According to Kyler. (2020).Organizational
Behavior (OB) is the study of how individuals and
groups act within organizations, focusing on
understanding and improving workplace dynamics,
communication, and performance..'

5
 Literature Review
Citation …
 Here are some examples of the parenthetical
documentation of the APA
 One work by a single author - The surname of the
author and the year of publication are inserted in
the text at the appropriate point:

e.g. Difficulties in the government system brought

high rates of staff turnover (John, 2017)

6
 Literature Review
Citation …
 Subsequent references - Subsequent references
do not need to include the year so long as the
study cannot be confused with other studies in
your paper

e.g. Difficulties in the government system brought

high rates of staff turnover (John, 2017). John
added that this problem is increasing day by
day.

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 Literature Review
Citation …
 One work by two authors - When a work has two
authors, always mention both names each time
the reference occurs in your text. In naming two
authors, join their names by and in the text but
by an ampersand in a parenthetical citation.

e.g. Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2022). Crop

Productivity can be enhancing through Integrated
Nutrient Management: A Case Study in Horticultural
System.
according to Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2018).
Crop Productivity can be enhancing through
Integrated Nutrient Management
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 Literature Review
Citation …
 One work by three to five authors - mention all
authors and the year of publication the first time
the reference occurs. In subsequent citations
include only the surname of the first author
followed by et al.
e.g. First Citation:
According to John, Omer, Jama, and Abdi
(2017), Difficulties in the government
system brought high rates of staff turnover
Subsequent Citation:
According to John et. al. (2017), the problem
persists.
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 Literature Review
Citation …
 Corporate author - The names of most corporate
authors should be spelled out each time they
appear as a source in your text. Occasionally,
however, the name is spelled out in the first
citation only and abbreviated in subsequent
citations.
e.g. First Citation:
According to University of Hargeisa (UoH)
(2017), Difficulties in the government
system brought high rates of staff turnover
Subsequent Citation:
According to UoH (2017), the problem
persists. 10
 Literature Review
Citation …
 Works by an anonymous author or no author -
When the author of a work is listed as
“Anonymous,” use the word Anonymous in
parentheses in the text, followed by a comma
and the date:
e.g. Difficulties in the government system
brought high rates of staff turnover (Anonymous,
2017)
When a work has no author information, cite the
first two or three words from the title of the book or
article, followed by a comma and the year:
The problem in the system persists (“Corruption
rampage”, 2017) 11
 Literature Review
Citation …
 Authors with the same surname - If your paper
includes two or more authors with the same
surname, include the authors’ initials in all text
citations even if the dates differ:

e.g. According to L.. A. Omer (2017) and M. O. Omer

(2018), Difficulties in the government
system brought high rates of staff turnover

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 Literature Review
Citation …
 References to specific parts of a source - If you
are giving your reader statistical information
gathered from tables, charts, or graphs, be sure
to cite the source in the body of the paper where
you refer to the information. Anytime you refer to
a specific quotation, figure, or table, you must
supply the appropriate page, figure number, or
table number:
e.g. Difficulties in the government system brought
“high rates” of staff turnover (John, 2017, p.43).
The rate stands in 20% (John, 2017, fig.2, p.44).
This is expected to increase drastically (John, 2017,
pp.45 – 46) 13
 Literature Review
Citation …
 Personal communications – You cite Personal
communications like letters, memos, e-mail, and
telephone conversations in your text only.

e.g. Difficulties in the government system brought

high rates of staff turnover (John, personal
communication, October 12, 2019)

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 Literature Review
Referencing …
 The reference used in APA system, called
Bibliography, has its own formats:
 Book by single author
e.g. John, E. (2017). Public Corruption. London: Hogarth.
 Book by two or more authors
e.g. John, L. M., & Omer, M. A. (2017). Measuring
Corruption. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press
 Edited book
e.g. John, L. M., & Omer, M. A. (Eds.) (2017). Measuring
Corruption. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press

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 Literature Review
Referencing …
 Translated Book
e.g. Rank, O. (2017). Corruption and Welfare (W. Turner,
Trans.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
 Book on Foreign Language
e.g. Saint-Exupéry, A. de. (1939). Terre des hommes [Earth
of men]. Paris: Gallimard
 Book by Corporate Author
e.g. Committee of Public Finance. (2016). Public
finance. New York: Pitman

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 Literature Review
Referencing …
 Journal article, one author and up to six
e.g. John, A. H. (2013). The measurement of corruption.
Quarterly Review of Governance, 51-89.
 Magazine article, issued monthly
e.g. Kernan, M. (2001, October). Head’s up: From a
computer-generated model, sculptors cast a
bronze triceratops that looks like the real
thing. Smithsonian, 34-36

17
 Literature Review
Referencing …
 Newspaper article
e.g. Goodman, E. (1983, December 23). Bouvia
case crosses the “rights” line. Los Angeles Times, p.
15.
 Abstract online
e.g. Bourg, S. N. (2001). [Social] and physical
aggression within a [friendship] relationship: Testing
models of perpetrator characteristics.
ProQuest. Abstract retrieved October 16, 2007,
from
[Link]
2012&FMT=7&DID=728459911&RQT=309&attem
18
 Literature Review
Referencing …
 Newspaper article
e.g. Goodman, E. (1983, December 23). Bouvia
case crosses the “rights” line. Los Angeles Times, p.
15.
 Abstract online
e.g. Bourg, S. N. (2001). [Social] and physical
aggression within a [friendship] relationship: Testing
models of perpetrator characteristics.
ProQuest. Abstract retrieved October 16, 2007,
from
[Link]
2012&FMT=7&DID=728459911&RQT=309&attem
19