Computer Application

Chapter 1 Introduction
Computer Organization
Topics
1.1 Introduction to Computer
1.1.1 Basic Organization of Computer (Functional Block diagram)
1.1.2 Evolution and Generation of Computers
1.1.3 Classification of Computers
1.2 Hardware Components
1.2.1 Input Devices
1.2.2 CPU
1.2.3 Output Devices.
1.2.4 Computer Memory and Classification of Memory
[Link] Primary Memory
[Link] Secondary Memory
1.2.5 Motherboard
1.3 Data Representation
1.1 Introduction to
Computer
Definition: A computer is an electronics device which accepts users data as input,
process the data as per the users instruction and produces the output in the user
required format. .
Functionalities of a computer

Data Processing The activity of processing data using a

computer is called data processing.

Data: Data is a raw fact or basic fact through which we cannot

identify the object.
Information: - The processed data is called information through
which we can identify the observer.
Unstructured data
Unstructured data (or unstructured information) is
information that either does not have a predefined
data model or is not organized in a pre-defined
manner.
Unstructured information is typically text-heavy, but
may contain data such as dates, numbers, and facts
as well. This results in irregularities and ambiguities
that make it difficult to understand using traditional
programs as compared to data stored in fielded form
in databases or annotated (semantically tagged) in
documents.
 Early computing systems
• unstructured textual data
• unstructured numerical data
The mathematical and technological advances sparked by machine textual analysis
prompted a number of businesses to research applications, leading to the development
of fields like physical parameters analysis, voice of the customer mining, and call
center optimization.
The emergence of Big Data in the late 2000s led to a heightened interest in the
applications of unstructured data analytics in contemporary fields such as predictive
analytics and root cause analysis.

Data with some form of structure may still be characterized as unstructured if its structure
is not helpful for the processing task at hand.

Examples of "unstructured data" may include books, journals, documents, metadata,

health records, audio, video, analog data, images, files, and unstructured text such as the
body of an e-mail message, Web page, or word-processor document.
 Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a measure of how the electrical activity of the heart changes over time as
action potentials propagate throughout the heart during each cardiac cycle.
 ECG Example

ECG time and voltage

ECG voltage: 0.5- 0.9 mv
ECG period is about 1sec
Normal heart rate: 60 – 120 BPM
Tachycardia: above 100 BPM
Bradycardia: below 60 BPM
 Blood Oxygen Levels
Blood oxygen levels refer to the amount
of oxygen that is carried by hemoglobin
in the red blood cells throughout the
body. This oxygen is crucial for cellular
metabolism and overall bodily functions.

Blood oxygen levels are typically

measured using a device called a pulse
oximeter, which provides a percentage
value known as SpO2 (peripheral
capillary oxygen saturation.)
processing is an operation designed for
1 Extracting
2 Enhancing
3 Storing
4 Transmitting useful information

Raw Data Information

Approaches in medicine and biomedical
research
source of unstructured consequences Computing result
unstructu data
red data

researchers findings Irregularities, the results of Computing may yield links

publish in not organized in between technical and medical studies and
scholarly a pre-defined clues regarding new disease therapies.
journals manner and enforce structure upon biomedical
ambiguities(e.g., documents include self organizing map
due to the approaches for identifying topics among
complicated documents, general-purpose unsupervised
technical algorithms, and an application of the
vocabulary CaseOLAP workflow to determine
contained within associations between protein names and
and the domain cardiovascular disease topics in the
knowledge literature. CaseOLAP defines phrase-
required to fully category relationships in an accurate
contextualize (identifies relationships), consistent (highly
observations) reproducible), and efficient manner. This
platform offers enhanced accessibility and
1.1.1 Basic Organization of Computer/ Functional Block Diagram/
Von-Numan Architecture:
A computer system is composed of Computer System
hardware and software.
It describes the architecture of a general digital computer and it consists of following units
(a)Input Unit
(b)CPU (Central Processing Unit)
(c)Output Unit
(d)Memory Unit

Computer Hardware
Hardware components are the physical, tangible pieces that we can see and touch.
A basic computer hardware consists of 4 components:
1. Input units: send things (data) to the computer such as keyboard and mouse.
2. Output units: retrieve things (information) from the computer, such as monitor, printer,
speaker, etc.
3. CPU (Central Processing Unit): performs arithmetical and logical operations of the
computer system.
4. Memory: allows a computer to remember data and information. Similarly to human memory,
there is a short term memory (RAM) and a long term memory (Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or
Compact Disk Drive (CDD)).
Computer Hardware
Computer Software
 Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
 It is what guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish each task.
 Some examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors.
 There are three broad classifications for software:

1. Application software are the computer programs for performing user tasks such as
word processing and web browsers.
2. System software are used to start and run computer systems and networks. This
includes operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and Android.
3. Computer programming software (also known as development software) are used
to create application and system software.

AI are enabling automated systems to detect patterns in biomedical signals with human-
level or even superhuman performance, expanding access to timely and accurate
interpretation of signal data for clinical use.
AI interpretation of biomedical signals, highlighting techniques that can directly analyze
data to uncover intricate patterns.
IFFERENCE BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE:

HARDWARE SOFTWARE
Itis the physical unit of computer It is the collection of programs used to
operate the hardware components
It consists of electronic components like It consists of numerals, alphabets,
transistors, Ics, insulators, etc special symbols, signs etc.
It works with binary coes0’s and 1’s It is represented by high level languages
such as C, C++, Java
It can understand only machine level or It is written in high level language which
assembly level language readable by human beings
It is classified into Input units, output It is classified into operating system,
units, CPU, etc. utilities, application programs, etc.
1.2 Hardware Components
1.2.1 Input Unit:
 It is used to accept data & instructions from user.
 It converts the data & instructions into computer understandable format.
 Supply the converted data to the CPU for processing.
 Examples of different types of Input devices: Key board, Mouse, Image Scanner, Camera (web
Cam), Microphone, Joy Stick, Optical Pen, Bar code Reader, and Optical mark Reader etc.
1.2.2 CPU Unit (Central Processing Unit):
 It is the main part of the computer and also called as the brain of the computer.
 It controls the overall activities of the computer and performs different types of operations.
 It mainly consists of 3 units (i)ALU (ii) CU (iii) Memory
i. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): This unit performs all the arithmetic and logical operations/
calculations inside the computer like Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Logical
AND, OR etc.
ii. CU (Control Unit): It is used for controlling the overall operations of a computer. It generates
different signals for different activities like Read, Write operations.
iii. Memory: These are set of registers which are used to store data and intermediate results
during an arithmetic and logical operation.

Speed measurement: The speed of

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is
measured by Hertz (Hz), Which
represent a CPU cycle. The speed of
CPU is known as Computer Speed.
1.2.3 Output Unit:
 The output unit is used to produce or display results of processed data in used requirement
format.
 The output result may be a soft copy or hard copy.
 Soft copy outputs are only visible and have no physical existence.
 Hard copy outputs have physical existence.
 Examples of different output devices: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker, Projector etc.
1.2.4 Memory Unit:
Memory in computer is used for following purpose:
 Stores programs and data during execution.
 Stores programs results of execution.
 Stores programs and data for future reference.
The memory is classified in hierarchical structure as follows:
I. Register Memory.
II. Cache memory.
III. Main memory/ Primary memory.
IV. Auxiliary memory/ Secondary memory.

I. Register memory:
 Register memories are high speed registers in the CPU, work as a memory for temporary
storage of instruction and data.
 CPU uses registers for the processing of data, the number of registers in a CPU and the size of
each register affect the power and speed of a CPU.
 The more the number of registers and bigger the size of each register, the better its.
II. Cache Memory:
 Cache memory is a fast memory which is placed in between the CPU and the main memory.
 Cache memory consists of binary cells and the size of this memory is less than main memory.
 When the CPU needs an instruction or data during processing, it first looks in the cache
memory.
 If the information is present in the cache, it is called a cache hit, and the data or instruction is
retrieved from the cache.
 If the information is not present in cache memory, then it is called a cache miss and the
information is then retrieved from main memory.

III. Main Memory/Primary Memory:

 Data and programs are stored in this memory during execution.
 After execution the result is stored in this memory.
 It is volatile in nature. This means whenever power goes out the content of this memory will be
lost.
 The access speed of this memory is higher than the auxiliary memory.
 Main memory consists of RAM & ROM.
There are two types of main memory.
1. Random–Access Memory (RAM)
2. Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Random–Access Memory (RAM):
It is a volatile memory. So this type of memory losses its contents when the power is turned off.
There are two type of RAM.
a. Static RAM (SRAM)
b. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

a) SRAM (Static RAM)

 SRAM (static RAM) is random access memory (RAM) that retains data bits in its memory as long
as power is being supplied.
 SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed.
 Static RAM provides faster access to data and is more expensive than DRAM.
 SRAM is used for a computer's cache memory.
b) DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is the most common kind of random access
memory for personal computers and workstations.
DRAM stores each bit in a storage cell consisting of a capacitor and a transistor.
Capacitors tend to lose their charge rather quickly; thus, it need for refreshed.
Read-Only Memory (ROM):
It is nonvolatile memory, so its contents are not lost when the power is turned off. This memory
contains the programs, which are used to boot the computer system.
a. PROM.
It stands for programmable ROM. The user records its contents only one
b. EPROM:
It stands for erasable programmable ROM. The contents of EPROM are removed by focusing the
chip to ultra violet light.
c. EEPROM:
It stands for electrically erasable programmable ROM. Its contents are removed by applying
electrical charge.

Difference between RAM and ROM memory:

RAM ROM
the contents will be lost The content is permanent
when the power goes off even when the power goes
off
Accessing speed is large Accessing speed is short
Requires high power Requires low power
Used in large systems Used in small systems
IV. Auxiliary Memory/Secondary Memory:
 As main memory is volatile in nature and limited capacity so in order to store large amount data
permanently secondary/ auxiliary memory is used.
 It consists of magnetic or optical materials and used to store data permanently even power is off.
 Both read and write operation is possible here and data & programs need to load in main
memory for their execution.
// ADDITION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
// Manually store 1st no in the memory location C050
// Manually store 2nd no in the memory location C051
// Result is stored in C053
LXI H,C050
MOV A,M
INX H
ADD M
STA C052
HLT
// EXAMPLE-> C050 = 55H, C051 =66H
// ANSWER -> C052 = BBH

# ORG C050
# DB 55H,66H
1.3 Data Representation
Binary Numbering System
Computers classification
Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is Considerable
overlap:
• Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to
the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for
displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.
• workstation : A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but
it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
• minicomputer : A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users
simultaneously.
• mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.
• supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second.
Characteristics of Computer
Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and versatility are some of the key characteristics of a
computer. A brief overview of these characteristics are
• Speed: The computer can process data very fast, at the rate of millions of instructions per second.
Some calculations that would have taken hours and days to complete otherwise, can be completed in
a few seconds using the computer. For example, calculation and generation of salary slips of
thousands of employees of an organization, weather forecasting that requires analysis of a large
amount of data related to temperature, pressure and humidity of various places, etc.
• Accuracy: Computer provides a high degree of accuracy. For example, the computer can
accurately give the result of division of any two numbers up to 10 decimal places.
• Diligence: When used for a longer period of time, the computer does not get tired or fatigued. It
can perform long and complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy from the start till the
end.
• Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and information can be stored in the computer and
also retrieved whenever required. A limited amount of data can be stored, temporarily, in the primary
memory. Secondary storage devices like floppy disk and compact disk can store a large amount of
data permanently.
• Versatility: Computer is versatile in nature. It can perform different types of tasks with the same
ease. At one moment you can use the computer to prepare a letter document and in the next
moment you may play music or print a document. Computers have several limitations too. Computer
can only perform tasks that it has been programmed to do.
Questions
Q-1 Difference between Primary & Secondary Memory
Q-2 : Difference between RAM & ROM.
Q-3 : Difference between Volatile & Non-volatile memory.
Q-4: What is Microprocessor & what is Microcomputer?
Q-5 : What is Flash Memory?
Q-6 : What is Register Memory?
Q-7 : What is Cache Memory?
Objective type
Questions
1. Which of the following is different from other?
A. Camera B. Scanner C. Speaker D. Microphone
2. Which of the following is not an Output Device?
a. Projector B. Monitor C. Plotter D. Scanner.
3. The basic architecture of computer was developed by
A. John. Von Neumann B. Charles Babbage C. Blaise Pascal D. Garden Moore.
4. Execution of a program is not possible until it is present in which of the following memory.
A. RAM B. ROM C. Secondary D. Register.
5. Which of the following memory is volatile in nature?
A. RAM B. ROM C. Secondary D. Back-up.
6. in order to store frequently used data and instructions we use which of the following memory.
A. RAM B. ROM C. Cache D. Register.
7. Any type of storage that is used for holding information between steps in its processing is
A. CPU B. Primary storage C. Intermediate Storage D. Internal storage
8. The section of the CPU that selects, interprets and sees to the execution of program
instructions:
A. Memory Unit B. Register Unit C. Control Unit D. ALU

9. Which computer has been designed to be as compact as possible?

A. Mini Computer B. Super Computer C. Micro Computer D. Mainframe Computer
10. The smallest unit of information, a computer can understand and process is known as
A. Bit B. Byte C. Nobble D. Digit
11. The output quality of a printer is measured by
A. Pixel per Inch B. Dots per Inch C. Words per line D. digits per line.
12. Which of the following is a commonly used input device?
A. Keyboard B. Mouse C. Monitor D. Scanner
13. In which generation of computer, Mouse was used first time?
A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth.