Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

PROGRAMMING IN C

PREPARED BY,

PROF. SUSHMA V
ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF CSE,
SIT, MYSURU
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Course outcome (Course Skill Set)

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

CO1: Demonstrate fundamental concepts and language constructs of C programming.
CO2: Make use of control structures and arrays to solve basic computational problems.
CO3: Develop modular programs using user-defined functions for complex
computational problems.
CO4: Construct user defined datatypes using structures, unions and enumerations to
model simple real- world scenarios.
CO5: Choose suitable datatypes and language constructs to solve a given computational
or real-world problem
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Syllabus : Module 2
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CHAPTER – 1 : CONSOLE I/O

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Introduction

 Input and output are accomplished through library functions.

 The header for the I/O functions is <stdio.h>
 There are both console and file I/O functions.
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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Reading and Writing Characters

getchar( )
 reads a single character from the keyboard.
 It waits for the user to press a key and then the Enter key before returning the character.
 The typed character is usually echoed to the screen.
 The input from the standard input is read as an unsigned char and then it is typecast and
returned as an integer value(int).
 EOF is returned in two cases:
 When the file end is reached
 When there is an error during the execution

Syntax: int getchar(void);

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Reading and Writing Characters

putchar( )
 Writes a single character to the screen.
 The putchar( ) function writes a character to the screen at the
current cursor position.
 This function returns the character written on the stdout as an
unsigned char. It also returns EOF when some error occurs(-
1).
Syntax: int putchar(int c);
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Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Enter a character: ");
ch = getchar(); // Read a character from the keyboard
printf("You entered: ");
putchar(ch); // Display the character on the screen
putchar('\n'); // Display a newline character
return 0;
}
 Example
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It inputs characters from the keyboard and displays them in reverse case. That is, it prints
uppercase as lowercase and lowercase as uppercase. To stop the program, enter a period.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
int main( )
{
char ch;
printf("Enter some text (type a period to quit).\n");
do
{
ch = getchar();
if(islower(ch))
ch = toupper(ch);
else
ch = tolower(ch);
putchar(ch);
} while (ch != '.');
return 0;
}
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Problem with getchar()

1. Input Buffering
 It reads from a buffered input stream.
 This means characters entered by the user are typically stored in a buffer until a newline
character(\n) is entered (by pressing the Enter key), or the buffer becomes full. This can lead to
unexpected behaviour if you expect character-by-character processing without requiring a
newline.
 Handling Remaining Characters in the Buffer:
 If a user enters more characters than your program immediately processes with getchar() the
remaining characters stay in the input buffer. Subsequent calls to getchar() or scanf() will read
these leftover characters instead of waiting for new user input, potentially leading to unintended
program flow.
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Alternatives to getchar( )

 Two of the most common alternative functions are

Example
1. getch( )
#include <stdio.h>
 nonstandard function and is present in conio.h header file which is
#include <conio.h>
mostly used by MS-DOS compilers as TurboC.
 It is not part of the C standard library.
int main()
 reads a single character from the keyboard. {
 But it does not use any buffer, so the entered character is immediately
returned without waiting for the enter key. printf("%c",getch());
 Syntax: int getch(void); return 0;
 Parameters: This method does not accept any parameters. }
Return value: This method returns the ASCII value of the key pressed.
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Alternatives to getchar( )

2. getche( )
Example:
 function reads a single character from the keyboard #include <conio.h>
and displays immediately on the output screen without #include <stdio.h>
waiting for enter key.
 Like getch(), it is also a non-standard function present int main()
in <conio.h> header file. {
 Syntax: int getche(void); printf("%c",
getche());
return 0;
}
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Reading and Writing Strings

 gets( ) - function reads a string of characters
entered at the keyboard and stores them at the
#include<stdio.h>
address pointed to by its argument. #include<string.h>
 You can type characters at the keyboard until you int main ()
{
strike a carriage return.
char str[80];
 Syntax: char *gets(char *str); gets(str);
printf(''Length is %d",
where str is a pointer to a character array that strlen(str));
receives the characters entered by the user. return 0;
}
The program reads a string into the array str and
prints its length. In C programming, a carriage return is represented by the escape
sequence \r
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Reading and Writing Strings

 puts() function writes its string argument to the screen followed by

a newline.
 Syntax: int puts(const char *str);
 can only output a string of characters— it cannot output numbers or
do format conversions.
 takes up less space and runs faster than printf( ).
 The statement displays hello: puts(“hello”);
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Summary
Function Operation
 getchar( ) Reads a character from the keyboard; usually waits for carriage
return.
 getche( ) Reads a character with echo; does not wait for carriage return; not
defined by Standard C, but a common extension.
 getch( ) Reads a character without echo; does not wait for

carriage return; not defined by Standard C, but a

common extension.
 putchar( ) Writes a character to the screen.
 gets( ) Reads a string from the keyboard.
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Formatted Console I/O

printf( )
Syntax: int printf(const char *control_string, . . . );

 The printf( ) function returns the number of characters successfully printed or a negative value if an error
occurs.
 const char * format: This is the "format string," a string literal enclosed in double quotes. It can contain:
 Plain text: Any characters that are not part of a format specifier or escape sequence will be printed as is.
 Escape sequences: Special character combinations starting with a backslash (`\`) that represent non-
printable characters or special actions.(\n for a newline, \t for a tab)
 Format specifiers: Special characters starting with a percent sign (%) that act as placeholders for the
values of subsequent arguments.
Example: printf("I like %c %s", 'C', "very much!");
displays
I like C very much!
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 To print an individual character, use %c

 To print a string, use %s
 To print numbers %d or %i to display a signed integer in decimal format.
 To print unsigned integer, use %u
 To print floating numbers use %f
 The %e and %E specifiers tell printf( ) to display a double argument in
scientific notation. Numbers represented in scientific notation take this general
form: [Link]+/–yy
 to display the letter E in uppercase, use the %E format; otherwise, use %e
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Format Modifiers
 Many format specifiers can take modifiers that alter their meaning slightly. For example, you can
 specify a minimum field width, the number of decimal places, and left justification. The format
 modifier goes between the percent sign and the format code.

The Minimum Field Width Specifier

 An integer placed between the % sign and the format code acts as a minimum field width specifier.
 This pads the output with spaces to ensure that it reaches a certain minimum length.
 For example, %05d will pad a number of less than five digits with 0's so that its total length is
five.
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The Precision Specifier

 The precision specifier follows the minimum field width specifier (if there is one). It consists
of a period followed by an integer.
 Its exact meaning depends upon the type of data to which it is applied.

 When you apply the precision specifier to floating-point data using the %f, %e, or %E
specifiers, it determines the number of decimal places displayed. For example, %10.4f
displays a number at least 10 characters wide with four decimal places.
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 scanf( )
 scanf( ) is the general -purpose console input routine. It can read all the built-in data types and
automatically convert numbers into the proper internal format.

 Syntax : scanf("format string", &variable1, &variable2, ...);

 Prototype : int scanf(const char *control_string, . . . );

 The scanf( ) function returns the number of data items successfully assigned a value. If an error occurs,
scanf( ) returns EOF. The control_string determines how values are read into the variables pointed to in
the argument list.
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 The control string consists of three classifications of characters:

 • Format specifiers
 • White-space characters
 • Non-white-space characters

Format Specifiers
 The input format specifiers are preceded by a % sign and tell scanf( ) what type of data is to be read next.
 Inputting Numbers
 To read an integer, use either the %d or %i specifier. To read a floating-point number represented
 in either standard or scientific notation, use %e, %f, or %g.
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 Inputting Unsigned Integers

 To input an unsigned integer, use the %u format specifier. For example,
unsigned num;
scanf(''%u", &num);
 reads an unsigned number and puts its value into num.
 Reading Individual Characters Using scanf( )
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 Reading Strings
 The scanf( ) function can be used to read a string from the input stream using the %s format
 specifier. Using %s causes scanf( ) to read characters until it encounters a white-space character.
 As it applies to scanf( ), a white-space character is either a space, a newline, a tab, a vertical tab, or a
formfeed.
 Unlike gets( ) , which reads a string until ENTER is pressed, scanf( ) reads a string until the first white
space is entered. #include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[80];
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf(''%s", str);
printf("Here's your string: %s", str);
return 0;
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 Inputting an Address
 To input a memory address, use the %p format specifier. This specifier causes
scanf( ) to read an address in the format defined by the architecture of the CPU.

 The %n Specifier
 The %n specifier instructs scanf( ) to store the number of characters read from
the input stream (up to the point at which the %n was encountered) in the integer
variable pointed to by the corresponding argument.
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Chapter2:
Statements in C
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Introduction

 A statement specifies an action.

 C categorizes statements into these groups:
 Selection (if & switch)
 Iteration (for, while, do-while)
 Jump (break, continue, goto, return)
 Label (case & default and label)
 Expression - statements composed of a valid expression
 Block - blocks of code. A block begins with a { and ends with a }
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

True and False in C

 Many C statements rely upon a conditional expression that

determines what course of action is to be taken.
 A conditional expression evaluates to either a true or false value.
 In C, true is any nonzero value, including negative numbers.
 A false value is 0.
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Selection Statements / Conditional

Statements
 C supports two selection statements: if and switch.
 In addition, the ? operator is an alternative to if in certain circumstances.
if
The general form of the if statement is
if (expression) statement;
else statement;
 where a statement may consist of a single statement, a block of statements, or nothing (in the case of empty
statements).
 The else clause is optional.
 If expression evaluates to true (anything other than 0), the statement or block that forms the target of if is
executed; otherwise, the statement or block that is the target of else will be executed, if it exists.
 Remember, only the code associated with if or the code associated with else executes, never both.
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

1. if
 The if statement is the simplest decision-making statement. It is used to decide
whether a certain statement or block of statements will be executed or not i.e if a
certain condition is true then a block of statements is executed otherwise not.
 A condition is any expression that evaluates to either a true or false.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() Syntax :
{
if (condition)
{
int i = 10; // if body
if (i >18) // Statements to execute if condition
is true
{
}
printf("Eligible for vote");
}
}
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/* Magic number program */ Example of if

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main (void)
• It prints the message ** Right ** when the player guesses
the magic number.
{
• It generates the magic number using the standard random
int magic; /* magic number */ number generator rand( ), which returns an arbitrary
int guess; /* user's guess */ number between 0 and RAND_MAX (which defines an
magic = rand(); /* generate the magic integer value that is 32,767 or larger).
number */ • The rand( ) function requires the header .
printf("Guess the magic number: ");
scanf("%d", &guess);
if(guess == magic)
printf("** Right **");
return 0;
}
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Program to check whether a given number
is greater than 10
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int num;
printf(“Enter the value of number : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &num);
if(num>10)
{
printf(“%d is greater than 10”,
num);
}
return 0;
}

Exercise : Write a C Program to find whether a number is positive

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

2. if-else
 The if-else statement consists of two blocks, one for false expression and
one for true expression. Syntax:
#include <stdio.h> if (condition)
int main() {
{ // Code to execute if the condition
is true
int i = 10;
}
if (i > 18) else
{ {
printf("Eligible for vote"); // Code to execute if the
} condition is false
else }
{
printf("Not Eligible for
vote");
}
return 0;
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Example of if else
/* Magic number program */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h> • It prints the message ** Right ** when the player
int main (void) guesses the magic number.
{ • It generates the magic number using the standard
int magic; /* magic number */ random number generator rand( ), which returns an
int guess; /* user's guess */ arbitrary number between 0 and RAND_MAX (which
magic = rand(); /* generate the magic number */ defines an integer value that is 32,767 or larger).
printf("Guess the magic number: "); • Progrma illustrates the use of the else statement to
scanf("%d", &guess); print a message in response to the wrong number.
if(guess == magic)
printf("** Right **");
else
printf("Wrong");
return 0;
}
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 Exercise :

Write a C program to Check whether a number is Even

or Odd using if else conditional statement
Nested if statements mean an if statement inside
another if statement.
Syntax: Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
if(condition1)
{
if(condition2)
3. Nested if-else
{
// Statement 1
}
else
{
// Statement 2
}
}
else
{
if(condition3)
{
// Statement 3
}
else
{
// Statement 4
}
}
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Example-C program to find greatest of 3 numbers

else
#include <stdio.h> {
printf("%d is the greatest number.\n", num3);
int main() }
{ }
int num1, num2, num3; else
{
printf("Enter three integers: "); if (num2 >= num3)
scanf("%d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3); {
printf("%d is the greatest number.\n", num2);
if (num1 >= num2)
}
{ else
if (num1 >= num3) {
printf("%d is the greatest number.\n", num3);
{
}
printf("%d is the greatest number.\n", num1); }
} return 0;
}
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

4. if else if ladder

 A common programming construct Syntax :

is the if-else-if ladder, sometimes if (condition1)

called the if-else-if staircase {
because of its appearance. //Statement
}
 Its general form is : else if (condition2)
{
//Statement
}
else
{
//Statement
}
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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Develop a C program that takes a student's

marks as input and displays their grade
#include <stdio.h>
int main() else if (marks >= 60)
{ {
int marks; printf("Grade: C\n");
// Input marks }
printf("Enter the student's marks: "); else if (marks >= 50)
scanf("%d", &marks); {
// Grade calculation using if-else ladder printf("Grade: D\n");
if (marks >= 90) }
{ else
printf("Grade: A\n"); {
} printf("Grade: F\n");
else if (marks >= 75) }
{ return 0;
printf("Grade: B\n"); }
}
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5. Switch
Syntax :

 C has a built-in multiple-branch selection statement, called switch (expression)

switch, which successively tests the value of an expression {
against a list of integer or character constants. case constant1:
 When a match is found, the statements associated with that //statement
constant are executed. break;
case constant2:
//statement
 The expression must evaluate to an integer type.
break;
 Thus, you can use character or integer values, but floating-point case constant3:
expressions, for example, are not allowed. //statement
break;

.
When a match is found, the statement sequence associated with
.
that case is executed until the break statement or the end of the
switch statement is reached. default :
//statement
 The default statement is executed if no matches are found. }
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#include <stdio.h>

int main() { Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Program to print Day Name of
// Day number
int day = 2; the Week
case 5:
switch (day)
printf("Friday");
{
break;
case 1:
case 6:
printf("Monday");
printf("Saturday");
break;
break;
case 2:
case 7:
printf("Tuesday");
printf("Sunday");
break;
break;
case 3:
default:
printf("Wednesday");
printf("Invalid Input");
break;
break;
case 4:
}
printf("Thursday");
break;
return 0;
}
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 Exercise :

Write a C Program for Simple Calculator using Switch

Statement.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
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{
int num1, num2, result;
char operator;
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");
scanf(" %c", &operator);
printf("Enter two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);
switch (operator)
{
case '+': result = num1 + num2;
printf("Result: %d\n", result);
break;
case '-': result = num1 - num2;
printf("Result: %d\n", result);
break;
 case '*': result = num1 * num2;
printf("Result: %d\n", result);
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break;
case '/': if (num2 == 0)
{
printf("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.\n");
}
else
{
result = num1 / num2;
printf("Result: %d\n", result);
}
break;
default : printf("Error: Invalid operator.\n");
break;
}
return 0;
}
 Summary
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Iteration Statements

 Iteration statements (also called loops) allow a set of instructions to be repeatedly

executed until a certain condition is reached.
 This condition may be predetermined (as in the for loop) or open ended (as in the
while and do-while loops).
1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do while loop
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1. for loop

• The initialization is an assignment statement

 Syntax :
that is used to set the loop control variable.
for (initialization ; condition ; increment )
• The condition is a relational expression that {
determines when the loop exits.
//statement
• The increment defines how the loop control }
variable changes each time the loop is
repeated.
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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Program to print the numbers 1 to 100 on

the screen
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int x;
for(x=1; x <= 100; x++)
printf("%d ", x);
return 0;
}
Write a C program to find sum of Natural numbers from 1
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to N using for loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, sum = 0;
printf("Enter a positive integer : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n < 0)
{
printf("Please enter a positive integer.\n");
return 1; // Exit with an error code
}

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)

{
sum=sum+i ;
}
printf("The sum of natural numbers from 1 to %d is: %d\n", n, sum);
return 0;
}
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2. while loop

 Syntax : • where statement is either an empty statement, a single

statement, or a block of statements.
while (condition)
{ • The condition may be any expression, and true is any nonzero
value.
//statements;
} • The loop iterates while the condition is true.

• When the condition becomes false, program control passes to

the line of code immediately following the loop.
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C Program to Print numbers from

1 to 5
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 0;
while (i <= 5)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
return 0;
}
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

3. do while loop

 Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop condition at the top of the loop,
the do-while loop checks its condition at the bottom of the loop.

 This means that a do-while loop always executes atleast once.

 Syntax :
do
{
//statements
} while( condition);
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#include <stdio.h>

C Program to print numbers from 0 int main()

{
to 10
int i = 0;

do
{
printf( "%d ", i);
i++;

} while (i <= 10);

return 0;
}
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Difference between while and do while loop

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Jump Statements

C has four statements that perform an unconditional branch:

 return,

 goto,

 break, and
 continue.
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1. The return Statement

 The return statement is used to return from a function. It is categorized as a jump statement because it
causes execution to return (jump back) to the point at which the call to the function was made.
 A return may or may not have a value associated with it.
 A return with a value can be used only in a function with a non-void return type. In this case, the value
associated with return becomes the return value of the function.
 A return without a value is used to return from a void function.
 The general form of the return statement is :
return expression;

 Eg : return 0;
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2. The goto Statement

 The goto statement in C is a jump statement that allows the program to transfer control to a specific
labeled point within the same function.
 It is considered an unconditional jump statement because it directly alters the normal sequential flow
of program execution.
 The goto statement requires a label for operation. (A label is a valid identifier followed by a colon.)
 Furthermore, the label must be in the same function as the goto that uses it— you cannot jump
between functions.
int x = 1;
 The general form of the goto statement is loop1:
Syntax : x++;
goto label;
.
if(x <= 100) goto loop1;
. int Y=10;
label :
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Program to demonstrate goto

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int num = 5;
printf("Starting the program...\n");
if (num > 0)
{
goto positive_label;
}
printf("This line will not be printed if num is positive.\n");
positive_label:
printf("The number is positive: %d\n", num);
printf("Exiting the program.\n");
return 0;
}
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3. The break Statement

 The break statement has two uses.

 You can use it to terminate a case in the switch statement.
 You can also use it to force immediate termination of a loop, bypassing
the normal loop conditional test.
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Program to demonstrate break statement

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
printf("Numbers from 1 to 10 (with break at 5):\n");
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
if (i == 5)
{
break;
}
printf("%d ", i);
}
printf("\nLoop terminated.\n");
return 0;
}
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4. The exit( ) Function

 You can break out of a program by using the standard library function exit( ).
 This function causes immediate termination of the entire program, forcing a return to
the operating system. In effect, the exit( ) function acts as if it were breaking out of the
entire program.
 The exit( ) function requires the header <stdlib.h>
 The general form of the exit( ) function is
void exit(int return_code);

Eg : exit(0);
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Program to demonstrate exit( )

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
printf("This program will now terminate.\n");
exit(0); // Terminates the program with a success status
printf("This line will not be executed.\n");
return 0;
}
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

5. The continue Statement

 continue forces the next iteration of the loop to take place skipping
any code in between.

 Syntax :
continue;
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Program to demonstrate continue

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
// Loop from 1 to 5
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
// If i is 3, skip the rest of the current iteration
if (i == 3)
{
continue;
}
// This line will not execute when i is 3
printf("%d ", i);
}
printf("\n"); // Print a newline for better output formatting
return 0;
}
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Expression Statements

 An expression statement is simply a valid expression followed by a semicolon.

 Eg :

func(); /* a function call */

a = b+c; /* an assignment statement */
b+f(); /* a valid, but strange statement */
; /* an empty statement */
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Block Statements

 Block statements are simply groups of related statements that are treated as a
unit. The statements that make up a block are logically bound together.
 Block statements are also called compound statements.
 A block is begun with a { and terminated by its matching }. #include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, sum;
{
a=10;
b=5;
sum=a+b;
}
return 0;
}