INTRODUCTION TO

GOVERNANCE AND
DEVELOPMENT
MR. JOSHUA S. CAWIGAN, MPA, LPT
Understanding of
Governance
The concept of “governance” is old as
human civilization, and therefore, it
means diff erent things to diff erent
people. Simply put “governance” means
the process of decision are implemented
(or not implemented).

The Asian Development Bank (ADB)

expressed that the term “governance” is
the “man ner in which power is
exercised in the manage ment of a
countries economic and social resource
for development” (ADB 1995).
 Governance can be more
understood by examining the
functional dimensions of
governance and their institutional
arenas:

Dimension Institutional arena Purpose of rules

Socializing Civil society To shape the way citizens, raise and become aware of
public issues

Aggregating Political society To shape the way issues are combined into policy by
political institutions

Executive Government To shape the way policies are made by government

institutions

Managerial Bureaucracy To shape the way policies are administered and

implemented by public servants

Regulatory Economic society To shape the way state and market interact to
promote development

Adjudicatory Judicial system To shape the setting for resolution of disputes and
conflicts
Conceptualization
of Development
The concept of development is neither
new nor old. It is a continuously
changing and dynamic concept. Since
the beginning of civilization, it has been
taking diff erent shapes and dimensions.
It could be defi ned as the capacity of a
state to increase its human resource
with the aim of achieving higher
outcome of production for the
satisfaction of the basic needs of
majority of its citizens and empowering
them to make demands on the
government (Sapru 2002).
Relationship Between
Governance and
Development
Needs and Rights Approach to
Development

A rights-based approach to governance

and development has many advantages.

First of all, it shifts the focus from

government to citizen.

Secondly, by focusing on entitlements.

 Participation: the degree of
involvement and ownership
of affected stakeholders

Guiding the analysis of governance and development

is a series of basic principles that refl ect the Decency: the degree to which the
formation and stewardship of
emerging con census at the global level of what rules are undertaken with out
should, and could, constitute “good governance”: humiliation or harm of the people

Fairness: the degree to which

rules apply equally to everyone
in society regardless of status
 Accountability: the degree to
which public officials, elected
as well as appointed, are
responsible for their actions
and responsive to public
demands

Guiding the analysis of governance and development

is a series of basic principles that refl ect the Transparency: the degree to
which decisions made by public
emerging con census at the global level of what officials are clear and open to
should, and could, constitute “good governance”: scrutiny by citizens or their
representatives

Efficiency: the degree to which

rules facilitate speedy and
timely decision-making
 Provision of
Infrastructure
Development
Governance and development are interrelated and
interdependent. Overall development of a country
depends on eff ective governance. By this process, a
country achieved their ultimate social and eco nomic
goals.

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E-Governance and
Development
E-governance is recently common phenomenon all
around the world. The Government of Bangladesh is
committed to establish Digital Bangladesh within
2021 which is called “vision 2021.” For example,
Access to Information (A2I) is the project of the
Government of Bangladesh which is maintained by
the Prime Minister Offi ce.
Level of Correlation with Linkage between Governance
Development Outputs and Development
There is a linkage between development Fair and eff ective governance is critical to
institutional features of government that ensuring that development benefi ts both
are designed to perform governance people and the planet. Governance should
eff ectively and effi ciently. The important entail processes, decisions, and outcomes
thing for us is to demonstrate how an elite that sustain natural resources alleviate
survey of governance perceptions in poverty and improve the quality of life.
transitional societies now and 5 years ago
correlates with objective development
indicators contained in the World
Development Report and the Human
Development Report.
 • Focus on strengthening institutions and human resource capacities
at all levels, concentrating on parliaments, electoral bodies and
related processes, the security and justice sectors, public services,

Governance as a Means
and promoting coherence across institutions

to Enhance Human • Support a state-society compact and culture grounded

constitutionalism, access to jus tice, equality, and human rights
in

Development • Assist public institutions to become more eff ective, responsive,

accountable, and repre sentative through e-government and other
means, foster public sector capacities and public-private partnerships
at national and sub national levels, prevent corruption, and pro mote
the transparent and sustainable management of public goods and
The defi nition of governance has centered fi nancial and natural resources

on what makes institutions and rules more

eff ective and effi cient in order to achieve • Support capacity for cross-sectoral, integrated, and inclusive
decision-, policy- and law making, at all levels
equity, transparency, participation,
responsiveness, accountability, and the • Ensure the strengthening of citizen participa tion and civil society
rule of law. organizations’ engage ment, including through e-participation, to
ensure accountability and transparency and better inform decision-
making
In particular, it should lead member states
• Support transparency and the right to access information about
and development actors to:
public aff airs, encouraging states to adopt and implement legislation
ensuring broad access to information by the public, including through
the use of mobile, social media, technologies and other appropriate

• Strengthentheenvironment for anindependent and pluralistic media

and ensure that the media serve the needs of society by refl ecting a
diver sity of political views, cultures, languages, and beliefs
Institutional Arrangements of
Governance Performing in
Development Sectors

Institutions of governance include public administration and

public services connected, in particular, with the sound
management of resources, delivery of and equitable access
to public services, responsiveness to the views of citizens,
and their participation in decisions that concern them.
Strategies adopted in response– including better personnel
management, transparency in public fi nance, a curb on
corruption, citizen participation, and enhanced
accountability– have since become common currency in
public administration dialogue.
 Provide a Means of Early
Development through Growth-
Enhancing Governance
Growth-enhancing governance capabilities are capabilities
that allow developing countries to cope with the property
right instability of early development, manage technological
catching up, and maintain political stability in a context of
endemic and structural reliance on patron-client politics
(Khan 2010).
Growth-Enhancing Governance and
Economic Growth
There are some structural features of developing countries
that require very diff erent governance capabilities if
developing countries are to make successful and sustainable
transformations into higher productivity economies.

Governance and Participatory

Development
The goal of economic and social development in developing
countries is to set in motion a process of self-reliant and
sustainable development through which social justice will be
realized.
 Policy Links to Governance
Approach Resulting to Development
The importance of the governance perspective in informing
contemporary development policy and discourse cannot be
overemphasized. Apowerful way of evaluating the
appropriateness of the relationships between growth and
gover nance asserted in the governance agenda is to look
more carefully at some of the data and evidence that is used
by proponents ofthe agendatosupport the program

Governance and the Management of

Political Stability Contributing to
Development
The governance challenge is to understand how, in specifi c
contexts, the management of political stability is being
achieved using the historical endowments of institutions and
power structures and whether feasible changes in political
institu tions and political organizations can assist in
strengthening political stabilization.
 Conclusion

Governance relates to the processes of

interaction and decision-making among the
actors involved in a collective problem that
lead to the creation, reinforcement, or
reproduction of social norms and institutions.
Development is the process in which
someone or something grows or changes and
becomes more advanced.
Thank you
very much