First 20 elements of
the periodic table.
Chemical symbols
Element name Chemical symbol
1. Hydrogen H
2. Helium He
3. lithium Li
4. Beryllium Be
5. Boron B
6. carbon C
7. Nitrogen N
8. oxygen O
9. Fluorine F
10. Neon Ne
11. Sodium Na
12. Magnesium Mg
13. Aluminum Al
14. Silicon Si
15. Phosphorus P
16. Sulfur S
17. Chlorine Cl
18. argon Ar
Atomic number and mass
number
Atomic number
Is the number of protons in an atom .
• all atoms of a given element have the same number of protons
• atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons
• An atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons. Since
protons and electrons have equal and opposite charges, this means
they cancel out and that atoms have no overall electrical charge.
For example
1. the atomic number of sodium is 11. Every sodium atom has 11
protons and 11 electrons. It has 11 positive charges and 11 negative
charges.
2. Hydrogen has 1 proton, so its atomic number is 1.
3. Carbon has 6 protons, so its atomic number is 6.
4. Magnesium has 12 protons. What is its atomic number?
5. Calcium has 20 protons. Finds its atomic number?
Mass number
Is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
mass number= protons + neutrons
examples.
1. If an atom has 4 protons and 5 neutrons . Its mass number will be=
4+5=9
2. Magnesium has 12 protons and 12 neutrons. Find its mass number.
_________________________________.
3. Aluminium has an atomic number of 13 and 14 neutrons. Find its mass
number.
____________________.
4. Argon has an atomic number of 18 and a mass number of 40. find its
neutrons? _________________________________________.
Calculating numbers of
subatomic
particles
The symbol for an atom can be written to show its mass number at the top
(superscript), and its atomic number at the bottom (subscript).
To calculate the numbers of subatomic particles in this atom, use its atomic number
and mass number:
• number of protons = 11
• Number of atomic = 11
• number of electrons = 11
• number of neutrons = [23-11]= 12
Exercise.
• Page 13.
• Question 3, 4 & 5.
Arrangement of electrons in
atoms
• the way in which electrons are arranged in an atom is called
electronic structure/ electronic configuration .
• Different shells can hold different maximum numbers of electrons.
• The electrons in an atom occupy the lowest available energy level
first. This is the shell nearest the nucleus.
• When this shell is full the electrons begin to occupy the next energy
level.
• Below is a table showing the maximum number of electrons an
element can have for each of its energy level shells. The information
shown is for elements with atomic numbers 1 to 20:
Shell / energy level Maximum number of electrons
First 2
Second 8
Third 8
examples
1. The atomic number of sodium is 11. Sodium atoms have 11 protons
and so 11 electrons.
2, 8,1.
• It can also be shown by a diagram
• each electron is shown as a dot or a cross
More examples.
Electrons and the periodic table
• Consider elements in the main groups. Their toms will all have the
same number of electrons in their highest energy level. These
electrons are often called the outer electrons because they are in the
outermost shell.
examples
• all the elements in Group 1 have one electron in their highest energy
level.
• all the elements in Group 2 have two electrons in their highest energy
level.
• the chemical properties of an element depend on how many
electrons it has.
• The way an element reacts is determined by the number of electrons
in its highest energy level (or outermost shell). So because the
elements in a particular group all have the same number of electrons
in their highest energy, they react in a similar way.
For example.
Lithium + water → lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
Sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
Potassium + water → potassium hydroxide + hydrogen
• The elements in Group 0 of the periodic table are called the noble
gases, Because they are unreactive.
• Their atoms have a very stable arrangement of electrons. All the
Group O elements have eight electrons in their outermost Shell,
except for helium, which has only two electrons
Isotopes
• Are atoms of same elements with same atomic number but different
mass number.
• They have different mass numbers due to different neutrons.
• Isotopes of an element have
the same atomic number .
different mass numbers .
Three isotopes of hydrogen
All hydrogen atoms contain one proton (and
one electron), but they can contain different
numbers of neutrons. Hydrogen-1 is the most
abundant (most common) isotope of hydrogen
All three isotopes of hydrogen have identical chemical
properties. This is because the number of electrons
determines chemical properties, and all three isotopes
have one electron in their atoms
An isotope is named after the element and the mass number of
its atoms. For example,
carbon-12 is an isotope of carbon with a mass number of 12.
Relative atomic mass
• The relative atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of the
masses of the atoms of the isotopes.
• It takes account of the abundance of each of the isotopes of the element.
• Relative atomic masses can be found in the periodic table. They have the
symbol Ar. Take care not to confuse mass numbers and relative atomic
masses:
• mass numbers are always whole numbers (protons or neutrons cannot
be split into parts)
• relative atomic masses are often rounded to the nearest whole number,
but are actually not whole numbers.
[Link]
Calculating relative atomic mass
• The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of its
atoms, compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom. The
relative atomic mass, Ar, of an element is calculated from:
• the mass numbers of its isotopes
• the abundance of these isotopes.
Chlorine naturally exists as two isotopes , 35𝐶𝑙 (chlorine-35) and 37𝐶𝑙
Examples
(chlorine-37). The abundance of chlorine-35 is 75% and the abundance
of chlorine-37 is 25%. Calculate Relative atomic mass of Chlorine.
To calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of chlorine:
• Notice that the answer is closer to 35 than it is to 37. This is because
the chlorine-35 isotope is much more abundant than the chlorine-37
isotope.
exercise
1. The table shows the mass numbers and abundances of naturally
occurring copper isotopes.
Mass number Abundance
63 69%
65 31%
Calculate the relative atomic mass of copper.
Give your answer to 1 decimal place
2. A sample of naturally occurring neon is 91% neon-20 and
9% neon-22. What is its relative atomic mass?
3. Fill out the table below to find relative atomic masses.