SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
ON
33/11KV BALLIWALA SUB STATION
DEHRADUN UTTRAKHAND
UPCL
PRESENTED BY
PRESENTED TO
KAPIL KUMAR D.R.
H.S. RAWAT
ELECTRICAL ENGINERING
G.B.P.U.A.T
Table Of Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
– Overview of 33/11 KV Substation Turner Road (Dehradun)
• Transformers
– Types of Transformers
• Power Transformer
• Instrument Transformer
• Auto Transformer
– Classification by Function
• Step Up
• Step Down
– Classification by Structure
• Core Type
• Shell Type
• Substations
– Overview and Importance
– Types of Substations
• By Service Requirement
• By Constructional Features
– Substation Characteristics
– Design Steps
• Earthing and Bonding System
• Earthing Materials
• Switchyard Fence Earthing
• Bus Bars
– Bus Bar Arrangements
• Single Bus Bar System
• Sectionalized Single Bus Bar System
• Duplicate Bus Bar System
• Insulators
– Types and Applications
• Pin Type
• Suspension Type
• Post Insulator
• Circuit Breakers
– Overview and Functions
– Types of Circuit Breakers
• Oil Circuit Breaker
• Air Blast Circuit Breaker
• SF6 Circuit Breaker
• Vacuum Circuit Breaker
• Metering and Indication Equipment
– Role of Relays in Substations
• Differential Relay
• Over Current Relay
• Directional Relay
• Tripping Relay
• Auxiliary Relay
• Conclusion
– Summary of Learnings and Observations
• References
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, Kapil Kumar, extend my sincere gratitude to Mr. Vimal Kuriyal (junior engineer)
for his invaluable guidance during my training at UTTRAKHAND POWER
CORRPORATION LIMITED (UPCL) Your mentorship has significantly enhanced my
understanding of the industry, and I deeply appreciate the time and effort you
invested in my development.
This experience has been incredibly rewarding, and I am thankful for your
unwavering support and encouragement. Your insights have inspired me to strive
for excellence, and I look forward to applying the knowledge gained under your
mentorship.
KAPIL KUMAR
59204
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT 33/11(KV) SUBSTATION TURNER ROAD
The Turner Road substation in Dehradun plays a crucial role in the regional electrical distribution network, ensuring
a reliable supply of electricity to both urban and rural areas. At the heart of this substation are its transformers,
which are essential for stepping down the high voltage from transmission lines to a lower voltage suitable for local
distribution.
Transformers at the Turner Road substation operate based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. They are
responsible for efficiently converting the high-voltage electricity received from the transmission network into lower
voltages, which can be safely distributed to homes, businesses, and industries. The substation houses both power
transformers and instrument transformers, each serving a specific function to maintain the stability and efficiency
of the power supply.
Power transformers at Turner Road are designed to handle large loads, stepping down voltages from 220 kV to 33
kV, and then further down to 11 kV for local distribution. These transformers are critical for minimizing power
losses during transmission and ensuring that the electricity delivered meets the demand in the Dehradun area.
In addition to power transformers, the substation also utilizes instrument transformers, which provide accurate
measurements of voltage and current for monitoring and protection systems. These ensure that the substation
operates within safe parameters and can respond quickly to any faults or abnormalities in the network.
Overall, the transformers at the Turner Road substation are integral to the efficient operation of the regional power
grid, helping to provide a stable and reliable electricity supply to the community.
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit
to one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down)
the voltage.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
• Power transformer
• Instrument transformer
• Auto transformer
• On the basis of working
• On the basis of structure
• Power Transformer
Types of Power Transformer
a) Single Phase Transformer
b) Three Phase Transformer
• Instrument Transformer
a) Current Transformer
b) Potential Transformer
• Auto Transformer
a) Single Phase Transformer
b) Three Phase Transformer
• On the basis of working
a) Step Up
b) Step Down
• On the basis of structure
a) Core Type
b) Shell Type
SUBSTATIONS
Substations are the points in the power network, where transmission lines and distribution feeders are connected
together through circuit breakers or switches via busbars and transformers. This allows for the control of power flows in
the network and general switching operations for maintenance purposes. This chapter describes the principal substation
layouts, the effects of advancements in substation equipment, the modular design, the compact substations, and the
moves toward design and construction “turnkey” contract work. The descriptions concentrate on air
insulated switchgear (AIS) outdoor open terminal designs at rated voltages of 72 kV and higher. In an ideal situation all
circuits and substation equipment would be duplicated such that following a fault or during maintenance a connection
remains available. This would involve very high cost. Methods have therefore been adopted to achieve a compromise
between complete security of supply and capital investment. A measure of circuit duplication is adopted while
recognizing that duplication may itself reduce the security of supply by, for example, providing additional leakage paths to
earth.
The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power
supply is called substation.
There are 2 types of Substations :-
TYPES OF SUBSTATION
A. According to the service requirement:
a) Transformer substation
b) Switch substation
c) Power factor correction substation
d) Frequency change substation
e) Converting substation
f) Industrial substation
B. According to the constructional features:
a) Indoor substation
b) Outdoor substation
c) Underground substation
d) Pole mounted substation
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTATIONS
• Voltage Conversion: Substations transform electrical voltage to appropriate levels for
transmission and distribution. They either increase voltage for long-distance travel or
decrease it for local use.
• Power Routing: They manage the direction of electrical flow, allowing for rerouting to
avoid disruptions or maintain supply during system changes.
• Safety and Protection: Substations are equipped with protective equipment like circuit
breakers and relays to detect faults and prevent damage, ensuring the system remains
safe and operational.
• Load Management: They regulate and balance the electrical load across the network,
optimizing power distribution and preventing overloads.
• Monitoring and Control: Substations feature control systems that continuously
monitor performance metrics, adjusting operations to maintain stability and efficiency.
• Environmental Adaptation: They are designed to withstand various environmental
conditions and operational stresses, ensuring reliable performance in different settings.
WORK OF SUBSTATION
Substations are crucial nodes in the electrical power system, performing several key
functions:
• Voltage Transformation: Substations step up the voltage from power plants for
efficient long-distance transmission and step it down for safe distribution to homes
and businesses.
• Switching Operations: Substations control the flow of electricity within the grid,
allowing for the rerouting of power during maintenance, faults, or emergencies.
• Protection and Control: Equipped with circuit breakers, relays, and protective
devices, substations detect and isolate faults to prevent damage to the power
system.
• Power Distribution: Substations distribute electricity to local networks, ensuring a
stable and reliable supply to various consumers.
• Monitoring and Regulation: Advanced substations monitor voltage levels, load
conditions, and other critical parameters to maintain the stability and efficiency of
the power grid.
BUSBARS
Busbars are solid metal bars that carry current and are used in electric power
distribution. They are typically made of copper or aluminum, and are wider than cables but
shorter in height. Busbars are often housed in switchgear, panel boards, and busway
enclosures, and are used for local high current power distribution. They can also be used to
connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery
banks.
Busbars can carry more current than cables with the same cross-sectional area, and are
used to distribute current to multiple devices within switchgear or equipment. For example, a
household circuit breaker panel board will have bus bars behind the back panel, with connection
points for multiple branch circuit breakers.
When choosing between copper and aluminum busbars, you can consider factors
such as electrical ratings, cost, environmental sustainability, and connector
compatibility. For example, aluminum is more environmentally sustainable because
its recycling process uses less energy than copper. However, if you choose to use
aluminum, your connectors must also be rated for aluminum.
INSULATORS
Insulators are essential components in electrical systems, designed to prevent the unwanted
flow of electric current by providing a barrier between conductive materials. They are
typically made from materials with high electrical resistance, such as porcelain, glass, or
polymers, and are used in a variety of applications, including overhead power lines,
transformers, and electrical circuits. By ensuring that electricity flows along the desired paths,
insulators play a critical role in maintaining the safety and efficiency of power transmission
and distribution. Their ability to withstand high voltages and environmental stresses makes
them indispensable in both high-voltage and low-voltage applications, protecting
infrastructure and ensuring the reliable operation of electrical networks.
When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able to
continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also generates the heat.
Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the are within the shortest possible time so that it may not reach
a dangerous value.
The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for are extinction.
MEASURING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENTS
RELAY :
In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere in the
system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and disconnected
from
the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of damage to it and prevents the
effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the
desired function of automatic protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the information to
the
circuit breaker.
• Electromagnetic attraction relay
• Electromagnetic induction relay
Relays And Its Types
Relays are essential components in electrical and electronic systems, serving as switches that are activated by an electrical signal. They
enable a circuit to control another circuit with minimal power, providing both control and protection functions. By allowing a small control
signal to switch a larger load, relays play a critical role in automation, protection, and circuit management.
Types of Relays
1. Electromechanical Relays (EMRs)
Description : Electromechanical relays use an electromagnet to operate a mechanical switch. When current flows through the coil, it
generates a magnetic field that attracts a movable armature, opening or closing the contacts.
Types :
- General Purpose Relay : Commonly used in various applications, from household appliances to industrial controls. They provide reliable
switching and are available in different sizes and configurations.
- Reed Relay : Consists of a pair of reed switches sealed in a glass tube. When a magnetic field is applied, the reeds come together to
complete the circuit. Reed relays are known for their high-speed operation and are used in communication and signal processing.
2. Solid-State Relays (SSRs)
Description : Solid-state relays use semiconductor devices to perform switching functions without moving parts. They offer faster switching
times, longer life, and greater reliability compared to electromechanical relays.
Advantages : SSRs are ideal for applications requiring high switching speeds and minimal maintenance. They are often used in
environments where mechanical wear and tear would be a concern.
3. Overcurrent Relays
Description : Overcurrent relays protect electrical circuits by detecting excessive current levels and triggering a response to prevent
damage. They are commonly used in power distribution systems and motor protection.
Types :
- Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay : Activates immediately when current exceeds a preset threshold.
- Time-Delayed Overcurrent Relay : Provides a delay before activating, allowing for temporary overcurrent conditions.
4. Distance Relays
Description : Distance relays are used to protect transmission lines by measuring the impedance between the relay and the fault
location. They help in identifying the distance to a fault, allowing for selective tripping of circuit breakers.
Applications : Typically used in high-voltage transmission lines, distance relays ensure that only the affected section of the line is
disconnected during a fault.
5. Differential Relays
Description : Differential relays compare the current entering and leaving a protected zone. If there is a significant difference
between the two, indicating a fault within the zone, the relay activates to isolate the fault.
Applications : Commonly used in transformer and generator protection, differential relays ensure that only the faulty section of
the equipment is isolated, minimizing disruption.
6. Timer Relays
Description : Timer relays introduce a time delay before switching actions occur. They are used for controlling operations that
need to be delayed or timed precisely.
Types :
- On-Delay Timer Relay : Delays the activation of the output until a preset time has elapsed.
- Off-Delay Timer Relay : Keeps the output activated for a preset time after the input signal is removed.
Conclusion
Relays are versatile components integral to the functioning of electrical systems, offering various types to meet different
operational requirements. Electromechanical relays provide traditional switching functions, while solid-state relays offer high
reliability and speed. Overcurrent and distance relays protect circuits from faults, differential relays ensure selective isolation, and
timer relays manage time-based operations. Understanding the different types and their applications allows for more effective
Figures Of Relays
Differential Relay Over Current Relay Directional Relay
Tripping Relay Auxillary Relay
CONCLUSION
Substations play a crucial role in the electrical power system,
serving as the backbone for energy distribution and
transmission. They ensure the efficient delivery of electricity
from power plants to consumers, maintaining the stability and
reliability of the power grid.
REFERENCES
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