DR KHYATI
MD SWASTHAVRITTA
WATER POLLUTION ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF SWASTHAVRITTA
AND YOGA
LBSMAC, BILASPUR, YAMUNA
NAGAR, HARYANA
WATER POLLUTION
SOURCES
POINT SOURCE- DIRECT DISCHARGE INTO WATER (SOLID WASTE,
INDUSTRIAL WASTE, SEWAGE TREATMENT RESIDUE)
NON POINT SOURCE- INDIRECT DISCHARGE INTO WATER( URBAN
WASTE, AGRICULTURAL WASTE)
IMPURITIES IN WATER
NATURAL MANMADE
DISSOLVED GASES SEWAGE
DISSOLVED MINERALS INDUSTRIAL WASTE
SUSPENDED PARTICLES AGRICULTURAL POLLUTANTS
MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
DOMESTIC WASTE
WATER BORNE DISEASES
BIOLOGICAL
VIRAL: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Poliomyelitis, Rotavirus diarrhoea in
infants.
BACTERIAL: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever Bacillary dysentery, E coli,
Diarrhoea, Cholera.
Protozoal” Amoebiasis, Giardiases)
Helminthic-Roundworm, Threadworm, Hydatid diseases.
Leptospiral (Weill,s diseases)
Aquatic host diseases- Snail- Schistosomiasis)
Cyclops ( Guinea worm, Fish tape worm)
CHEMICAL
Dental health: Fluoride normal 0.8 to 1 mg/lt
Less than 0.8 mg/lt- Dental caries
More than 1 mg/lt: Mottling of enamel
Cyanosis in infants
High nitrate, Methemoglobinemia
CVD: Hard water- Atherosclerosis
Related to diseases carrying insect breeding in or near water: Malaria,
Filaria, Arbovirus
Diseases transmitted due to inadequate use of water- Shigellosis,
Trachoma, Conjunctivitis, Ascariasis, Scabies
WATER POLLUTION LAW
WATER POLLUTION (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION)
ACT, 1974, seeks to provide legal deterrent against spread of water
pollution.
WATER PURIFICTION
LARGE SCALE WATER
PURIFICATION
STORAGE: WATER IS DRAWN FROM PRIMARY SOURCE AND KEPT IN
A RESERVOIR.
PURIFICATION OCCURS AT 3 LEVELS
Physical: 90 % suspended impurities settle down.
Chemica; Aerobic bacteria oxidise organic matter
Biological: Pathogenic organisms die , bacterial count drops 90% in
5-7 days.
FILTERATION
98-99% BACTERIA IS REMOVED.
SLOW SAND FILTERATION/ BIOLOGICAL FILTERATION
Supernatant raw water – dept varies from 1-1.5 mtetre above sand
bed. Provides waiting period of 3- 12 hrs. level of supernatant raw
water is always kept constant. . Partial purification occurs by
sedimentation oxidation and particle agglomeration
Vital layer/Biological Layer/ Zoological layer/ Schmutzdece layer- It
is the Heart of slow sand filter It is the slimy gelatinous layer
comprising of algae, plankton, diatoms and bacteria. Formation of
this layer is known as Ripening of filter. It oxidises iorganic matter
filters bacteria and oxidises ammonical nitrogen into nitrates and
help in making water bacteria free.
SAND BED- THICK ESS ABOUT 1 METRE. SAND GRAINS SHOULD BE
ROUNDED. WITH DIAMETER 0.2-0.3 MM.
LAYER OF GRADED GRAVEL OF 30-40 CM PREVENT FINE GRAINS
BEING CARRIED TO DRAINAGRE PIPES. AREA OF 1 CUBIC METRE OF
FILTER PRESENTS 15000 SQ M SURFACE AREA. PERCOLATION OF
SAND BED IS VERY SLOW. AT RATE OF FILTERATION 0.1 ANS 0.4 M
CUBE/ HOUR.
UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM- Comprises of porous pipes for outlet of
water. Height is 0.16 metre.
FILTER CONTROL DEVICE- Venturi meter. Measures bed resistance of
loss of head,. When resistance develops operator opens regulating
valves to maintain constant rate of filtration.
FILTER CLEANING IS DONE BY SCRAPING UPTO 1-2 CM WHEN BED
RESISTANCE INCREASES. IT CAN RUN FOR WEEKS AND MONTHS.
WITHUT CLEANING. AFTER MANY YEARS WHEN BED IS 0.5 TO 0.6 M
THICK, NEW UNIT SHOULD BE INSTALLED.
RAPID SAND
FILTERATION/MECHANICAL
FILTERATION
COAGULATION USING CAGULANT NAMELY ALUM, DOSE IS 5-40
MG /LITRE DEPENDING UPON TURBIDITY, COLOUR, TEMPERATURE
AND PH OF WATER.