INTELLIGENCE
PRESENTED BY-SALMAN KHAN
ASSISTANT PROF.
IINSR,[Link]
INTELLIGENCE
• 1. Meaning of Intelligence
• Intelligence is one of the most important aspects of human
personality. It refers to the overall ability to think, reason, learn, and
adapt to new situations.
Definitions:
• Alfred Binet: "Intelligence is the ability to judge well, understand well,
and reason well."
• David Wechsler: "Intelligence is the global capacity of an individual to
act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the
environment."
• Jean Piaget: "Intelligence is what you use when you don't know what
to do."
Key Features of Intelligence:
• Involves abstract thinking, reasoning, problem-solving.
• Ability to learn from experience.
• Adaptability to new situations.
• Effective interaction with environment.
2. Effect of Heredity and Environment on
Intelligence
• Intelligence is influenced by both genetic (hereditary) and
environmental factors. These two work together to shape an
individual's intellectual development.
A. Heredity (Nature)
• Heredity refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring
through genes.
• Studies on twins and adopted children suggest that intelligence has a
strong genetic component.
• Identical twins (who share 100% of their genes) often have more
similar IQs than fraternal twins or siblings.
• Heredity determines the potential or upper limit of a person’s
intelligence.
B. Environment (Nurture)
• The environment plays a crucial role in the development of intelligence.
• Environmental Factors Affecting Intelligence:
• Prenatal care: Mother’s health, nutrition, and absence of harmful substances
during pregnancy.
• Nutrition: Proper nutrition in early childhood supports brain development.
• Education: Quality of schooling and learning materials improves intellectual
ability.
• Socio-economic status: Families with better resources can provide more learning
opportunities.
• Family and social environment: Parental involvement, encouragement, and
interaction stimulate cognitive development.
Classification of Intelligence
IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is used to classify levels of intelligence.
The average IQ is considered to be 100.
IQ-Based Classification (Based on Standardized
Tests):
Conti…………………………….
IQ Range Classification Description
140 and above Genius or near genius Exceptional intellectual ability
120 – 139 Very superior Above average intellectual abilities
110 – 119 Superior Higher than average intelligence
90 – 109 Average Normal or typical intelligence
Slower than average, needs some
80 – 89 Below average (Dull)
support
70 – 79 Borderline deficiency May struggle in academic settings
Below 70 Intellectual disability Significant limitations in functioning
4. Measurement of Intelligence
• Psychologists have developed various intelligence tests to measure
intellectual ability.
• Types of Intelligence Tests:
• A. Individual Intelligence Tests
• Administered to one person at a time.
• Time-consuming but more accurate.
• Examples:
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
• Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WAIS, WISC)
B. Group Intelligence Tests
• Given to multiple people simultaneously.
• Useful for screening large populations.
• Less detailed but time-efficient.
• Examples:
• Army Alpha and Beta tests
• C. Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests
• Verbal Tests: Use language-based questions (e.g., vocabulary, reasoning).
• Non-Verbal Tests: Use pictures, symbols, or patterns; useful for people
with language barriers (e.g., Raven's Progressive Matrices).
IQ Calculation (Traditional
Method):
•
5. Mental Deficiencies (Intellectual Disabilities)
• Mental deficiency, now more commonly referred to as intellectual
disability, is a condition characterized by significantly impaired
intellectual functioning and limitations in adaptive behaviors (daily life
skills).
• Characteristics:
• IQ below 70.
• Difficulties in learning, communication, social skills, and self-care.
• Onset occurs before age 18.
:
Classification of Intellectual Disability
IQ Range Type Functioning Level
Can develop social and academic
50–70 Mild skills; may live independently with
support.
Can learn basic self-care and work
35–49 Moderate
under supervision.
Requires assistance for most tasks;
20–34 Severe
limited communication.
Needs constant supervision and
Below 20 Profound
care.
Causes of Mental Deficiency:
• Genetic factors: Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome.
• Prenatal causes: Malnutrition, infections, alcohol/drug abuse during
pregnancy.
• Perinatal causes: Birth injuries, premature birth, lack of oxygen during
delivery.
• Postnatal causes: Brain infections (e.g., meningitis), head injuries,
exposure to toxins, severe malnutrition.