AGGRESSION
DEFINITION OF AGGRESSION
Behavior directed toward the goal of
harming another living being, who
is motivated to avoid such
treatment.
TYPES OF AGGRESSION
A. PHYSICAL AGGRESSION:-
To make physical contact with the intent
to cause pain or injury to another or to
force that person into doing something
against their will.
Examples include slapping, pushing,
biting, etc.
B. SEXUAL AGGRESSION:-
To use physical or verbal force to make
sexual contact with a person against
his/her will.
Examples include forcing a person into
sexual intercourse.
C. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION:-
To expose an individual to behavior that
may cause psychological harm (i.e. harm
to intellectual or mental capacity that
results in impairment of a person’s ability
to function).
Examples include insults, humiliation,
destruction of property, etc.
THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
Why do human aggress against others?
o Sigmund Freud was of the view that
aggression stems from a powerful death
instinct (thanatos).
• Initially directed towards self-destruction and
then redirected toward others.
Konrad Lorenz suggested that aggression
stems from a fighting instinct.
It means that, only strongest males will
obtain mates and pass their genes on to
the next generation.
According to the evolutionary
perspective, genetic factors play some
role in human aggression.
DRIVE THEORY
Modern Social Psychologists rejected the
instinct views of Freud and Lorenz.
They spoke about the drive theory which
suggested that aggression stems from
external conditions that arouse the
motive to harm or injure others.
The most famous of these is the
frustration-aggression hypothesis, which
states that ?frustration is a very powerful
d?terminant of aggression.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Human beings are not born with a large array
of aggressive responses at their disposal.
Humans acquire these responses through
direct experience or by observing the
behavior of others, i.e., social models, who
behave aggressively.
According to this theory, individuals aggress
depending on their past experiences, rewards
associated with past or present aggression
and thoughts and values that shape an
individuals’ thoughts.
GENERAL AGGRESSION MODEL
According to this theory, a chain of
events that may ultimately lead to overt
aggression can be initiated by two major
types of input variables:
1. Factors relating to the current situation
(situational factors).
2. Factors relating the persons involved
(person factors).
CAUSES OF AGGRESSION
1. Frustration-
It is a powerful determinant of
aggression.
2. Direct Provocation-
Actions by others that tend to trigger
aggression in the recipient, often
because these actions are perceived as
stemming from malicious intent.
3. Media Violence-
Exposure to violent television, movies,
music and video games indicates that
such materials increases the likelihood of
aggressive and violent behavior by
persons exposed to them.
Both personal and situational factors
influence individual’s internal states and
shape individual’s appraisal of a given
situation.
4. Pornography-
In violent pornography, the scenes and
the content depict women being harmed,
exploited and abused.
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PREVENTION
1. Punishment-
This is a procedure in which aversive
consequences are delivered to
individuals when they engage in specific
actions.
Make amends for the harm caused.
To deter from engaging in aggressive
behavior.
It should be prompt and certain.
2. Forgiveness-
Giving up the desire to punish
others who have harmed us.
Surrendering the desire for revenge
reduces the subsequent aggression.
Enhances one’s psychological well-
being.
CONCLUSION
Aggression always lead to harmful
effects on the individuals as well as
society.
Environmental and situational
factors are responsible for the acts
of aggression.
Prevention and control of aggression
is necessary to bring peace in the
society.
THANK YOU