Tikrit university

College of engineering

First level Mathematics

by

Firas H. Jasim, Ph.D.

Matrix MATRIX AND IS
APPLICATIONS
Learning objectives

 Matrix.
 Sums and scalar products.

 Matrix multiplication.

 Inverse matrix.

 Matrix Applications.

1
A matrix is an ordered list of numbers put in a rectangular bracket. This list can
also be called a rectangular array.

A=

Note that m×n is the order of the matrix

2
 Types of Matrices

A square matrix A is said to be singular if its determinant is zero, i.e. A = 0

A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if its determinant is non-zero, i.e. A ¹ 0

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 Sums and scalar products
Two matrices A and B of the same dimensions can be added. The sum A + B has (i, j)
entry aij + bij .

Then

Also,

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 Multiplying matrices
For multiplication, the number of columns in A should be equal the number of
rows in B.

A = (m x p) B = (p x n) C = AB = (m x n)
p
cij  aik bkj
k 1

 6 8  3  8 1
A   D  
  2 4   9 2 5 

 (6 3)  (8 9) (6  8)  (8 2) (6 1)  (8 5) 

M = AD  ( 2 3)  (4 9) ( 2  8)  (4 2) ( 2 1)  (4 5)
 

 90  32 46
M=   Note that AB  BA
 30 24 18 

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Example 1 : Find A×B if you have

A= and B =
2x3
3x4
 3 1 2 1
 2 1 0    c11 c12 c13 c14 
.1 0 1 2 
1 0 4
   c21 c22 c23 c24 
 5 4 1 1

c11 = (2x3) + (1x1) + (0x5) = 7

c12 = (2x1) + (1x0) + (0x4) = 2

c13 = (2x2) + (1x1) + (0x1) = 5

c14 = (2x1) + (1x2) + (0x1) = 4

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 c21 = (1x3) + (0x1) + (4x5) = 23

c22 = (1x1) + (0x0) + (4x4) = 17

c23 = (1x2) + (0x1) + (4x1) = 6

c24 = (1x1) + (0x2) + (4x1) = 5

∴ A × B=
[ 7
23
2
17
5
6
4
5 ]

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 Minors and cofactors of the elements of square matrix
Minor or off diagonal i+j=n+1

Consider a matrix
Major or main diagonal i=j

- +

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Example 1:

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10
 Determinant of a Matrix
Determinant of a matrix could be calculated by summing
up the elements in any row or any column by
corresponding cofactors.
 Determinant of a 2 x 2 Matrix

| 2
3
−2
6 |
2 ( 6 ) − 3 ( − 2 )=12+6= 18

 1st Row →
 1st Col →
 2nd Row →

 2nd col →

2  2
26   3 2 12  6 18
3 6
- +

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 Determinant of an n x n Matrix (i.e., 3 x 3)
 a11 a12 a13 
A   a 21 a 22 a 23 
 a31 a32 a33 

a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
A a11  a12  a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32

a11( a22a33-a23a32) - a12(a21a33-a23a31) + a13(a21a32-a22a31)

 3 5 4
9 7 6 7 6 9
A  6 9 7  A 3 5 4
 2 8 1 
8 1 2 1 2 8

= 3(9 – 56) - 5(6 – 14) + 4(48 – 18)

= -141 + 40 + 120 = 19

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Example 2: Determine whether matrices below are singular or non-singular where:

Solution:

Then the given matrix is singular

(b)

Then the given matrix is non-singular

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 Adjoint of a Matrix

The adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the cofactor matrix

of that matrix. For a matrix A, the adjoint is denoted as adj (A).
Let A =

𝑐 11 𝑐 21𝑐 31
Then Cof. A =
𝑐 12 𝑐 22𝑐 32
𝑐 13 𝑐 23𝑐 33

So, Adj. A =

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 A=
Example 3: Find the adjoint of the matrix.

Solution: To find the adjoint of a matrix, first find the cofactor matrix of the given matrix.
Then find the transpose of the cofactor matrix.

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Now find the transpose of A

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 Inverse of a Matrix
If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, such that AB = BA = I
(I = unit matrix) Then B is called the inverse of A, i.e. B = A –1 and A is the
inverse of B.
Condition for a square matrix A to possess an inverse is that the matrix A is
non-singular, i.e., | A | ≠ 0. If A is a square matrix and B is its inverse, then
AB = I. Taking determinant of both sides | AB | = | I | or | A | | B | = I. From
this relation it is clear that | A | ≠ 0, i.e., the matrix A is non-singular.

Find the inverse of a matrix by using the adjoint matrix

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 A=
Example 4: Find the inverse of the matrix.

Solution:

Cof. A = And Adj. A =

Then

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How matrices are applied in civil
engineering?

Good question!!!
Matrices are mainly used in 'Structural Analysis".

Suppose you need to analyses a multi storied

frame ( to get the stresses & strains due to
different types of loads such as dead load, live
load, wind load ,seismic load etc) we must use "
matrix method' of frame analysis. Of different
Matrix method of analysis, direct stiffness
method is used in computers.

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Fun example !

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21
Order is Important

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The Inverse May Not
Exist !!??

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Solve linear system equation by Using the inverse matrix method
One of the most important applications of matrices is to solve the linear
simultaneous equations. On this section we are going to explain how this
can be done.
Consider the simultaneous equation

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Example 4: Solve the following system of equations, using
inverse matrix method.
x-z=1………………….1
3x+4y+5z= 3 ………2
-6y-7z = 5…………….3

Solution:

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Cof. A = And Adj. A =

Then

Then

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Example 4: Solve the following system of equations, using matrix method..

Solution: The given equations expressed in the matrix equation form as :

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 Cramer’s Rule
1. Gabriel Cramer was a Swiss mathematician (1704-1752)

2. Cramer’s Rule is one of many techniques that can be used to solve

systems of linear simultaneous equations. It makes use of determinants
and so a knowledge of these is necessary before proceeding.

For the case of three equations in three unknowns: If

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Example 5:

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31
Example 5: Use Cramer’s rule to solve the following linear system
equation.

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 Find the value of x that makes matrix A= singular.
Example 6:

Solution: The square matrix A is singular if its determinant =0,

Then x [(4-3) -(-1) (6-6)-3(3-4) = 0

Then A=
x +0 +3 = 0 x = -3

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 What does it mean, the determinate is zero!!!
Determinant and area
The vertices are:
(–1, 4), (3, 6), (1, 2)
• Using the formula for the area of a
triangle, we get:
1 4 1
area 21 3 6 1 21  12 
1 2 1
– To make the area positive, we choose

the negative sign in the formula.

– The area of the triangle is:

area = –½(–12) = 6

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Example 4:

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Thank you for your attention

Questions are welcome

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