Python

Programming

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© Ms. Sandra & Ms. Anina | Python Programming
 What is
Python?
★ Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level
programming language
★ Python is Open Source. It freely usable and distributable
★ Python provides a big set of built-in libraries for Rapid
Application Development of different types of
applications
○ GUI Development
○ Web Development
○ Game Development
○ Scientific Development
○ Data Science and Visualization
○ Machine Learning etc. 2
© Ms. Sandra & Ms. Anina | Python
 History of
Python
● Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in
1991
● Python 2.0 was released in 2000
● Python 3.0 was released in 2008
● Current version is 3.8.1
● Downloadable from [Link]

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 Using
Anaconda IDEsource IDE for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X
● Anaconda is an open
● It is used for Data Science and Machine Learning using
Python/R/Julia etc.
● Download and install it from [Link]
● It provides online notebook called Jupyter Notebook to
write the program code and prepare notes
simultaneously

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 Clic
k
Her
e

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 Click
Here to
New
NoteBoo
k

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 Rename
to
Notebook
name

Cell to write program code

Press Shift+Enter to Execute the

code

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 How to start Python
Programming?
Every program is divided in three
parts

● Input
● Process
● Output

For every process Python provides

● Functions e.g. input(), print()

● Operators e.g. + - * /
● Statements e.g. if, while, for
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 What are the
variables?
A name given to some memory location to store and retrieve
some data is called as variable.

e.g.

name="Amit"

empid=1234

salary=56000

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 Variable
naming rules
● A variable name can have alphabet (a-z, A-Z), digits (0-9) and
underscore only
● Can never start with the digit
● Can be upto any length
● Case sensitive

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 How to declare
variables?
● We can declare the variables wherever we need them and no
data type required
● Python is dynamic type language. It automatically identifies type
of data in it
● Use type() function to see the data type of some variable

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 Some Important
Points
● Python do not have concept of characters
● Python have the strings
● Strings can be enclosed in single quote, double quote or triple
quote
● Use # to define the comments

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 Assigning values to the
variables
Python allows different ways to assign values to the
variables

● Single variable - Single value

● Single Variable - Multiple values
● Multiple variables - Same value
● Multiple variables - Different values

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 Formatting Output Data
in Python
Python provides print() function with different formats to format
the data

● Using comma operator

● Using format specifiers e.g. %d, %f, %s
● Using placeholders {} with format() function

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 How to perform type
conversion?
Python provides type conversion from one type of data to
another type of data using conversion functions

● int() convert to integer data

● float() convert to floating data
● str() convert to string data
● bool() convert a number to
boolean

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 How to input data
from user?
● Use input() function to input some data from user
● It always returns string type data only
● To convert string type data to numeric data using int() or float()
functions

Syntax 1

variable=input()

Syntax 2

variable=input("message")

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 Example using
Syntax 1input a number and show
Problem: WAP to
square of it

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 Example using
Syntax 2input a number and show
Problem: WAP to
square of it

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 Operators in
Python
● Arithmetic Operators
● Relational Operators
● Logical Operators
● Bitwise Operators
● Assignment Operators

Note: Some more operators to be discussed later

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 Arithmetic
Operators
● + addition
● - subtraction
● * multiplication
● / division (floating)
● / / division (integer)
● % remainder or
modulus
● * * power

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 Relational
Operators
● == Equals to
● != Not equals to
● > Greater than
● >= Greater than or equals
to
● < Less than
● <= Less than or equals to

Compares two values and returns True or False

only

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 Logical
Operators
● and
● or
● not

Used to combine two conditions or negate result of a condition

Example: WAP to detect a year to be leap year

Note: A year divisible by 4 and not divisible by 100 or divisible by 400 is

called as leap year

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 Truth table of & Truth table of | Truth table of ^
Bitwise 0 0 = 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 = 0

Operators
● & Bitwise And
0
1
1
0
=
=
0
0
0
1
1
0
=
=
1
1
0
1
1
0
=
=
1
1
1 1 = 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 = 0
● | Bitwise Or
● ^ Bitwise XOR
● ~ Bitwise Not
● << Left Shift
● >> Right Shift

Note:
Use bin() function to
convert a number from
decimal to binary

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 Assignment
Operators
Used to assign value to the
variables
Operator Example Equivalent to

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 5 x=x+5

-= x -= 5 x=x-5

*= x *= 5 x=x*5

/= x /= 5 x=x/5

%= x %= 5 x=x%5

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 Decision
Making
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 Conditional
Statement
Python provides if statement to check some condition with different
syntaxes
Syntax 1 Syntax 2 Syntax 3

if condition: if condition: if condition:

statements statements statements
else: elif condition:
statements statements
else:
statements

Statements must be indented using four

spaces.

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 Exampl
e
WAP1 to input a number and check it to be even
or odd.

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 Example 2
WAP to input three numbers and show the
biggest one

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 Example 3 : Using map()
function
WAP to input three numbers and show the
biggest one

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 Assignme
nt 1input name and marks of PCM for a student, calculate
WAP to
average and show the grade of that student based on following
rules

● A+ for 80 and above

● A for 70 and above
● B+ for 60 and above
● B for 50 and above
● F for others

Output format is: Grade of <name> is <grade>

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 Soluti
on

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 Assignme WAP to input a character and check it to be an
alphabet, digit or special character
nt 2

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 Assignme
nt 3
WAP to input a number and check it to be even or odd using bitwise
operation

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 Using
Loops
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 Looping
Statements
Python provides two kinds of looping
statements

● while loop
● for loop

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 Using while
loop
Syntax

initialization
while
condition:
statement
s
updation
else:
statements

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 Exampl WAP to input a number and print table of that
number in following format
e 1 19 x 1 =
19
19 x 2 =
38
…
19 x 10 =
190

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 Exampl WAP to print the
following
e2
100 90 80 … . 10

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 Assignments on
while
● WAP toloop
input a number and print sum of its
digits
● WAP to input a number and reverse print it
● WAP to input a number and check it to be
palindrome

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 Using break
statement
The statement used to come out of loop.

Example

WAP to input a number and check it to be prime

number.

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 Assignment on break
statement
● WAP to input two numbers and print all prime numbers
in range

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 Infinite
loop
A loop which cannot terminate itself is called as infinite loop. Use
break to come out of such loops.

Syntax

while

True:
statement
s if
condition:
break
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 Example on infinite loop
WAP to input as many numbers as user wants till -999 get pressed
and show sum of all given values.

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 String
Handling
● Strings are enclosed in single quote, double quote or triple
quote
○ s1='Hello'
○ s2="Hello"
○ s3='''Hello'''
○ s4="""Hello"""
● Every string is an object of str class
● Use dir() function to see list of all possible functions on
strings
○ dir(str)
○ dir(s1)
● Use help() function to see syntax and usage of given
function
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○ help([Link])
 How string
manages
● Every string isdata?
made of certain characters
● Each character has an index number from 0 from
front-side
● Each character has an index number from -1 from
back-side
● Use len() function to get length of the string

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 Exam WAP to input a string and show the count of
alphabets, digits and special characters using while
ple loop

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5
 Using for
loop
It works with collections to take one value at a time and perform
some action
without knowing size of collection and without using indexing.

Syntax

for variable in collectionname:

statements

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 Exam WAP to input a string and show the count of
alphabets, digits and special characters using for
ple loop.

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 Exam WAP to input a number and table of that number
using for
ple loop

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 String
Handling
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 Basic string
functions
● upper()
● lower()
convert to upper
case convert to
● title() lower case
● capitalize() convert first letter to
caps of each word to
caps case
● swapcase() toggle
returns True if
● isalpha() alphabet returns
● isdigit() True if digit
● isupper() returns True if upper case
● islower() string returns True if lower
● istitle() case string returns True if
● strip() string in title case remove
● split() blank space from both sides
© Ms. ● join()
Sandra & Ms. Aninabreak the string into list of
| Python 54
 Exam
ple
Show usage of the
basic string
functions

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 Exam WAP to input a string and show the count of
alphabets, digits and special characters using for loop
ple and string functions.

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 More string
functions
● startswith() returns True if string starts with given
● endswith() string returns True if string ends with
● find() given string returns index of search
● rfind() string from left side returns index of
● replace() search string from right side replace
● count() the search string with given string
returns count of occurrences of given
string

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 Exam
ple
Input an email id and validate it.

● Email ID must have only one @

● At least one dot (.)
● Minimum size 5 and Maximum
size 50
● Should not start with @ or dot (.)
● Should not end with @ or dot (.)

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 Soluti
on

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 Using membership
operators
The operators used to check where some data is available inside
the given collection and returns True or False.

● in
● not in

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 Example
WAP to input name of a person. It the name contains Sharma then
replace it with Verma.

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 What is
slicing?
● When we extract some information from a collection is called as
slicing.
● String being a collection of characters also provides the feature
of slicing.

Syntax

string[lowerbound:upperbound:step]

● Upper bound is not included

● If lower bound not given, takes 0
● If upper bound not given, takes length of the string
● Step value is 1 by default 62
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 Examples of
slicing

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 Assignm
ent
WAP to input a string and check it to be
palindrome

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 Collectio
ns
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 Working with
collections
Collections are special types which are used to store
multiple values.

Python provides four types of collections

● Tuple
● List
● Set
● Dictionary

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 Creating and
using
● Tuple is tuples
a collection which is ordered and unchangeable
● Tuple do not allow to add, update or delete an item
● Tuples are created using rounded brackets ()
● Use len() to get length of items in tuple
● Use index number to fetch specific item from tuple very similar
to strings
● Use slicing to read group of items very similar to strings
● Use count() function to count number of occurrences of an item

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 Exam
ple
Using
Tuple

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 Creating and
using
● List is a list
collection having ordered data which is
changeable
● We can add, update and delete items from list
● Use square brackets [] to create a list
● Use len() function to get length of list
● Use index number to fetch specific item
● Use slicing to get range of items
● Use del statement to delete an item

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 Example 1: List
with data

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 Example 2: Dynamic List
WAP to input 5 numbers from user and show sum of given
numbers.

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 Creating and
using set
● A collection which contains unique data only
● It is unordered and unindexed
● Use curly braces {} to create a set
● Methods
○ add()
○ update() -- use a list to update items in set
○ remove() -- raises an exception is item not found
○ discard() -- does not raise any exception if item not
found
● Use del keyword to delete a set
● Use list() function to convert set into list
● Use set() function to convert a list or tuple into set and remove
duplicates
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 Examples
on set

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 Creating and using
dictionary
● A collection used to manage data in key:value pairs
● It is unordered, changeable and indexed using the key
● Use curly braces {} to create a dictionary with key:value
combination
● Functions
○ items()
○ keys()
○ values()
● Use del keyword to delete and item

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 Example of
Dictionary

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 Dynamic
Dictionary

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 Functio
ns
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 Types of library
functions
Library functions are again of three types

● Built-in functions
● Object functions
● Module functions

Built-in functions are ready to use functions available by default

e.g. print()

Object functions are associated with some type of data e.g.

[Link]()

Module function are provided in some re-usable python files

called as modules to classify them from other functions. Python 78
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 How to use functions
from a any
Before using module?
function of a module we need to import that
module in our program using import keyword.

e.g.

● import math
● import sys
● import os

Now we can see list of possible functions inside the module using
dir() built-in function

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 Using math
module
It provides all required mathematical functions and
values.

Some of them are

● factorial( returns factorial of given
n) number returns square root of
● sqrt(n) given number returns n to the
● pow(n,p) power p
● sin(n) Return the sine of x (measured in
● cos() radians) Return the cosine of x
● tan() (measured in radians) Return the
● pi tangent of x (measured in radians)
Returns value of pi
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 Examples of math
functions

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 How to use the module functions
without module name?
We can also use the module functions without using module name
again and again.

Here we need to import the one, more or all the functions of

that module using from and import keyword combination.
Using * to import all the functions of a module.

● from math import factorial

● from math import factorial,sqrt
● from math import *

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 Example of math module with
from keyword

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 How to give an alias name
tocanthe
We module?
also create an alias or shortname to the module using as
keyword along with import keyword

e.g.

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 Using datetime
module
● Use datetime class from datetime module to work on current
date or user defined dates
● Use now() function to get current date and time
● Use strftime() to format the date using format specifiers

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 Do we have all the Python
module
● No, not all installed?
modules are always available in your machine.
● Few required modules are installed by default but advanced
and third party modules are installed on demand.
● Such modules are managed by Python team at
[Link] as package
● Some of required packages for Data Science and Machine
Learning are
○ numpy
○ pandas
○ matplotlib

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 How to install a
package?
● If some module is not available then we need to install its
package using
conda or pip or pip3 commands
● Suppose you want to use MongoDb database with Python, use
need pymongo module. Now you need to install pymongo
package
○ condathen you can import
install pymongo module
for Anaconda
pymongo for Simple
○ pip install pymongo Python for
○ pip3 install Simple Python
pymongo

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 How to create user
defined functions?
Python provides
functions.
def keyword to define the user defined

Syntax
def
functioname(argumentl
ist): statements

If you want to return some

value then use return
statement

Syntax
def
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© functioname(argumentl
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 Example 1: without using
return statement
Create a function factorial which takes a number and prints
factorial of given number

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 Example 2: using return
statement
Create a function factorial which takes a number and returns
factorial of given number

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 How we can pass default values to
the arguments?
We can also pass some default value to the arguments. If no value
is pass for such arguments then default value is used.

Example

Create a function are which length and width and prints area of
rectangle. Define default length as 5 and default width as 6.

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 How to we can optional
arguments?
We can also create optional arguments. We can work take the
decision based on given arguments using argument names.

Use the special value called None with such arguments.

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Example:

Create a function area() which can take four arguments as side,

length,width and radius. If side is given show area of square. If length
and width are given show area of rectangle. If radius is given show area
of circle.

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 How to pass variable number
of can
We arguments?
also create the functions which can take variable number
of arguments and perform given action using * with the argument
name.

Example: Create a function sum() which takes few numbers and

returns sum of all given numbers.

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 Passing variable number of
arguments
We with
can also pass variable names
number of arguments along with their
names using
* * with the argument name.

Here we can read the argument name and value.

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 Another
example
Create a function area() which can take any number of arguments
with their names. If side is given show area of square. If radius is
given show area of circle. If length and width is given show area of
rectangle.

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 Returning multiple values
fromfunctions
Python a function
allow to return multiple values with return
statement

Example: Create a function multiresult() which takes a number and

returns square and cube of that number.

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 Creating recursive
functions
● When a process repeats itself, it is called as recursive
function.
● The functions which implement such processes are called as
recursive functions
● Such functions use the stack to hold the intermediate values

Examples

● Factorial of a number
○ n!=n*(n-1)!
● Fibonacci series
○ 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 ……
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 Factorial of a number:
Recursive function

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 Fibonacci Series:
Recursive function

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 Using pass
statement
Sometimes we need to create a function but do not want to
write the statements for it just now, then we can use the
pass statement

Syntax

def functioname(argumentlist):
pass

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 Lambda
Functions
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 Creating and using
Lambda Functions
● Lambda functions are anonymous functions
● Can take one or more arguments and return only
one result
● Do not require return keyword
● Use lambda keyword to create the lambda functions

Syntax

lambda arguments:expression

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 Using lambda function
within functions

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 Filtering data using
lambda
Use filter() function to filter some data from a list based on
True/False

Example: Show only even numbers from given numbers in

some list

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 Exception
Handling
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 What is
exception?
● An exception is a runtime error which can occur due to data
wrong data input, unavailability of resource during execution
of some program
● Python provides four keywords to handle runtime errors
○ try
○ except
○ finally
○ raise
● Here try-except is used to execute some code block and trap the
errors
● The finally is used to always execute some code irrespective of
©
error
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7
 Example of
exception

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 Handling
Exception

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 Raising an
exception

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