Syllabus
Water supply -intake structures -Functions and drawings -Pipes and conduits
for water- Pipe materials -Hydraulics of flow in pipes -Transmission main
design -Laying, jointing and testing of pipes -Drawings appurtenances - Types
and capacity of pumps –Selection of pumps and pipe materials.
CONVEYANCE of water
Drawing off water from the source of water called intakes.
Leading the water from intakes to the purification plants and then
leading the treated water to the consumer through distribution pipes.
INTAKE STRUCTURE FOR WATER
SUPPLY
• Intake structures are the construction, used for storing the water,
from surface sources ( river, reservoir and lakes) and conveying it
further to treatment plant.
• An intake may be nearer to water sources such as river lake etc.
• An intake is a structure which is constructed across the water source
so as to permit the safe withdrawal of water from the water source.
The structure may be stone, brick, RCC, or Concrete block masonry
Factors governing location of an
intake
1. The location of intake structure should be nearer to the treatment
plant, in order to reduce the cost of conveyance water.
2. The location of the intake should be selected in a place, where
there is the less impurities presence.
3. The intake should be selected at a place from where the water can
be taken during driest season of the year also.
4. The intake location should have the possibility for future expansion
and addition without much increase in cost.
Factors governing location of an
intake
1. The intake should not be located at the downstream of the disposal
point of sewage.
2. It should be located in such a way that, it should not be affected by
heavy flood and the flood should not enter through the intake.
3. The intake should not be located near the navigation channels such
as Harbour etc.
4. It should not be interference with river traffic if any.
Design considerations
[Link] Criteria Design considerations
1 Factor of safety Against all external forces (Forces by floating materials, pressure,
heavy currents etc)
2 Self weight To withstand water pressure
3 Safety If located near the navigation channels
4 Sub structure Foundation design against water pressure
5 Size Considerable ( Suitable with future expansions )
Type of intake structures
• Simple submerged Intake
• Intake Tower or River Intake Structures
• Wet Intake Towers
• Dry Intake Towers
• Reservoir Intake
• Variable depth lake water intake
• Multi level intake
• Canal Intake Structures.
Simple submerged intake
A submerged intake structures consists of simple concrete block or a rock
filled timber crib supporting the starting end of the withdrawal pipe.
The withdrawal pipes are generally taken up to the sump well at shore from
where the water is lifted by pumps.
The intake opening is generally covered by screen so as to prevent the entry
of debris, ice etc., into the withdrawal pipe.
Incase of lakes where silt tends to settle down, the intake opening is
generally kept about 2 to 2.5 m above the bottom of the lake and thus to
avoid the entry of silt and sediment.
Simple submerged intake
Such intake structures should be placed in streams or intakes at a
place where they may not get buried under sediment and where
there are deep water.
These are widely used intakes for small water supply projects drawing
water from streams and lakes having relatively little change in water
surface elevation throughout the year.
Intake towers
• Intake towers are generally used on large projects and on rivers or
reservoirs where there are large fluctuation of water level.
• Gate controlled openings at various levels called ports are generally
provided in these concrete towers which may help in regulating the
flow through the towers and permit some selection of the quality of
water to be withdrawn.
• Accesses to these towers are generally provided for operating the
gates, etc., by means of a foot bridge from the tower up to the dam or
up to the shore.
Intake towers
• Types of Intake Towers
• Wet intake Towers
• Dry Intake Towers
Wet intake tower
• The wet intake is that type of intake tower in which the water level
is practically the same as the level of source of supply.
• It is sometimes known as JACK Well and it is most commonly used.
• It consists of a concrete circular shell filled with water up to the
reservoir level and has a vertical inside shaft which is connected to
the withdrawal pipe.
DRY intake tower
• The essential difference between a dry intake and wet intake is that in a
wet intake the water enters from the entry ports in to the intake and then it
enters in to the conduit pipe through separate gate controlled openings
whereas in a dry intake water is directly drawn in to the withdrawal pipe
through the gate entry openings.
• A dry intake will therefore have no water inside the intake if its gates are
closed whereas the wet intake will be full of water even if its gates are
closed.
Reservoir intakes
• When the flow in the river is not get guaranteed throught the year a dam is
constructed across it to store water in the reservoir so formed.
• The reservoir intakes are practically similar to the river intake except that
these are located near the upstream face of the Dam where maximum
depth of water is available.
• The access to intake is provided through a foot bridge.
• The water level will be the same as the reservoir level.
Canal intake
In canal intake structure, the intake well is generally located in the bank of the
canal and water enters the chamber through the inlet pipe.
The inlet pipe is covered with a fine screen.
The top of the screen is generally provided at minimum water level in the canal
and bottom is about 0.15 m above the canal bed to avoid entry of bed load.
The inlet end is of bell mouth shape with perforation of fine screen on its
surface.
Canal intake
The flow velocity through the out let is generally 1.5 m/sec, and this helps in
determining the area and diameter at the withdrawal pipe.
The area of the coarse screen is designed by limiting the flow velocity to as low
as 0.15m/sec.
The flow velocity through the bell mouth is limited to about 0.3 m/sec.