CHAPTER 3 CONT…
REVISION
CONT…
BLOCKING (VEHICLE ASSIGNMENT)
• Vehicle assignments are also known as
“blocks,” and include a series of trips. These
trips are linked together and assigned to a
single vehicle. The block is a daily work
assignment for a specified vehicle. Each block
may consist of multiple routes or can be
operated by different operators
VEHICLE SIZE CONSIDERATION
• Road vehicles used for public transportation range from
small vans or minibuses to double-articulated buses with
a higher capacity.
• Operating Range and Loading Standards
• Operation range is related to the service hours of a route,
as well as the levels of service during operating hours
on weekdays and weekends.
• Policy headways identify the minimum required service
levels or frequency.
CONT…
• For example, the general policy may state that all
routes must operate every 30 minutes during peak
hours, when ridership is highest, and every 60
minutes during base periods.
• In terms of standards, the realistic method used to
identify the headway must be based on ridership
demand.
• In order to calculate the standard average peak load,
planners and schedulers must evaluate ridership
information in detail.
DEADHEADING VS. REVENUE SERVICE
• “Deadheading” refers to the distance and time for a
transit vehicle to travel from the garage to the first
stop where it picks up passengers, or to travel from
the last stop where it drops off the passengers to the
garage.
• Sometimes deadheading is also required when a
vehicle needs to travel from one point to another
point without carrying passengers.
CONT…
• Oppositely, revenue service refers to a time
that a vehicle is in operation along a route
and is available to the public.
• An agency that has multiple garages can
reduce the deadheading time by assigning
the closest garage for a vehicle’s return.
INTERLINING (ROUTE A TO ROUTE B)
• Interlining refers to the utilization of the same
vehicle and operator for a block operating on more
than one route.
• Interlining can be scheduled because of the
following reasons:
• Absence of a proper layover location: In some
areas, it may not be feasible for the operator to
find a proper location to park the bus during a
layover.
CONT…
• Obtaining optimized cycle times: When two
routes that share a common segment have
unfavorable cycle times, scheduling interlining
may allow for improved cycle times for both
routes, often resulting in cost savings.
• Declining passenger transfers: When interlining
is not scheduled, there is an inconvenience to
passengers that travel to locations that require
them to disembark from one vehicle and board
RUN-CUTTING
• When blocking is done, the scheduler will
start the “run-cutting” process, which involves
assigning the blocks to the different operators
(drivers). The scheduler breaks up the blocks
into individual driver assignment or work
pieces (runs). Run is a work assignment for an
operator. Most often, “run” refers to a whole
day’s work assignment.
ROSTERING (CREW ASSIGNMENT)
• Rostering is grouping runs into packages of
weekly work assignments. The finished package
is known as a roster, a bid package or lines of
work Depending on agency policy and work
regulations, transit agencies use either operator-
developed (cafeteria style) or agency-developed
rostering. Drivers must select their work
assignments for the next time interval (called
pick, line up, shake up, sign up) during the bid
process
ROUTING IDENTIFICATION
• The reduction of transportation costs and
improvement of customer service depend
upon the quality of routing and scheduling of
transportation vehicles
• Many companies which have many production
plants, products and destination points
(stockists/customers) use the following
routings
CHAPTER FOUR :
TRANSPORT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
• VEHICLE PURCHASE AND SETTING TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
•
Vehicle’s Technical and Operation Specification
• Vehicles which can be imported or purchased must
full fill at least the
• requirements of the specification in terms of
technique and operation.
• Examples are: (See next slide)
CONT…
• Before handing over of the vehicle, there
should be:
• pre-delivery inspection details supported by
mechanic,
• rules and regulations of the country etc.
• This can help to minimize the operation cost
and result in healthy future service
CONT…
• Type of the motor and its placement,
• Vehicle’s total load,
• Capacity of the axle and its type,
• Its length(dimension),
• Vehicle’s load capacity,
• Horse power per specified speed of vehicle,
• Height of the vehicle from the ground surface,
• Amount or number of march,
• Type of Gear box,
• Placement and capacity of fuel container
CONT…
• Nature of fuel pump and its spraying capacity,
• Fuel filter type, capacity, its setting and materials which
should be contained in it,
• Type of ejection pump, its capacity and its status towards fuel
consumption,
• Turning radius, a controlled change of course of a vehicle
(maneuver) and the area it consumes,
• Nature of cooling system, sustainability of temperature
moderator, nature of water cooler,
CONT…
• Adaptability of electric system with any type of weather condition,
• Powerfulness and sustainability of the motor (power system),
• Tyre magnitude and play-rating amount,
• Instruments which show vehicles nature of movement, proper
settings and overall fitness,
• Types of seats, material they are made and placement,
• Materials that the doors are made and precautions on how to lock
and open them,
• Length of the vehicle from front axle up to wheel base,
• Nature and fitness of the puller, amount of nuts and from what
materials they are made from
CONT…
• Air compressor capacity per minute, utilization
capacity of compressed air, connection systems of
its flow network and precautions during fixing
(joining) them.
• Nature and type of break, type of break canvas,
type and nature of hand break and its setting.
• Capacity of battery, charging, type of dynamo,
type of regulator and its comfort during
maintaining
CONT…
• Having the above points, the major technical specifications for
trucks, tractor-trailer are:
• Motor /engine/ system
• Check its fitness in any geographical area, and weather /climate
condition.
• The truck must perform its haulage not less than 75 km per
hour with its full load capacity and speed
• Others should be carried out based on directions and
procedures supplied by the factory of the motor
CONT…
• Electric system
• The truck battery should have a capacity of
reactivating the motor where the temperature
of the environment is below 00c,
• The battery should have sufficient protection
from smoke and temperature prone parts of
vehicle to keep its temperature balanced, etc
CONT…
• Horn of the vehicle
• Two horns: functioning with electric and with air
should be at appropriate places for driver’s
management. The electric connection system
should meet international standard.
• Tyre and Rim
• The tyre should be radial with 18 play-rating for the
purpose of heavy work, 1200x20 type tyre with two
reserves which should meet similarity to each
other.
CONT…
• Brake system
• It should work with air and meet the axle of the
vehicle with its maximum width
• For each front and back brakes the electric
circuit should be connected independently
• The brake should have a capacity to stop a
loaded truck moving 35 km per hour with
maximum of 12 meters distance.
OPERATION EXPENDITURE:
• There is no revenue plan with out expenditure
plan.
• a) Fuel expense has direct relation with
transport operation.
• The plan should be fixed considering distance
coverage, load factor and fuel consumption
estimations per km
CONT…
• b)Oil: It is not advisable to put oil cost under
miscellaneous because it is very difficult to identify its
effect.
• Its profitability can be affected by other additional
factors such as:
• technical ability of driver
• the nature of the weather where the truck is scheduled
• the nature of the rout where the truck is scheduled
• the style of driving by the driver.
CONT…
• To plan oil consumption, the following options
should be considered:
• Data based on the previous experiences,
• If the first option is not available, most
commonly used standard is using 11% fuel
consumption cost and changing this cost to
liter.
• By identifying oil capacity of the truck by model and
multiplying accordingly
CONT…
• c)Tyre : Tyre cost is the first cost center among many costs. The
following major formalities should be considered in its planning.
• The number of tyres to be changed per truck,
• Tyre size,
• Cost per tyre,
• km to be covered by one tyre,
• km to be covered by each truck in the year,
• Tyre retreading,
• Cost of tyre repair per tyre,
• km to be covered by repaired tyre.
F) SPARE PARTS
• Maintenance and spare part costs are highly
related.
• To plan maintenance cost, the annual truck
coverage is the base.
• During maintaining the truck, time needed to
maintain each item and the cost should be
estimated
G)WASHING AND GREASING
• Keeping the neatness of external parts of the
truck is not only important for eye intrusion,
but more important to keep from frequent
break downs.
• Every part in the truck, starting from the nuts
up to major components needs lubricants.
CONT…
• Otherwise metallic frictions can create overall
truck problem. Therefore, greasing is very
important to increase the lifecycle of each
part and the truck itself
DEPRECIATION COST
• i) Depreciation is the time interval of replacing the capital
invested in specified life time.
• There are different types of calculating
depreciation.
• The most commonly used is straight line
method, i.e dividing vehicle cost by economic
life time
CONT…
• Generally the nature and process of operation
should follow the following procedures
• 1. Daily Operation Meeting:
• Transport Department Manager, Operation Division
Head, Technique Division Head, and other Division
Heads should have meeting on the last 24 hrs
• - problems encountered and solutions
• - how to proceed and implement the work of
• the follow- up day.
FOLLOW-UP DAY OPERATION PLAN
• Starting from 4:00 pm of the follow-up day
the dispatcher should complete the operation
plan of the next day. &
• Know the Ready Trucks for the Operation.
• Check Whether All Ready Trucks Have Got
Load(Ton) or Not
DAILY SCHEDULING AND CONTROL
• The target of the optimum utilization of trucks
is mainly plaid by drivers.
• Transparency, responsiveness and generally
proper handling of drivers is very essential
• The control system should be supported by
good daily communications up to the top
manager.
• The format of daily fleet status should be filled,
summarized and provided to the top manager
VEHICLE MOVEMENT CONTROL LOG-SHEET
• The log- sheet should be carefully filled by the
drivers daily.
• When the driver returns back from the trip the
Transport Department Head should confirm the
log-sheet and use it as the source of information
and control.
• The log should contain the following information.
Start & finish times, route taken, weight of z load
EN ROUTE BREAK DOWN AND MAINTENANCE
• there may be frequent en route break down of
trucks due to:
• - Lack of sound road network provision and
• facility
• - Lack of enriched consciousness of drivers
• - Lack of technical/maintenance institutions
• - Lack of sufficient supply of spare parts
• - Lack of road call repairs (movable or fixed
garage on the route,)
CONT…
• . Transport Operation and Holydays
• Internationally no holydays in transport industry
particularly related to drivers.
• Drivers should be en route work
. Fuel and Oil Provision
• Systematic way of saving fuel and oil is very
important in the Company.
• E.g. proper handling of trucks can save fuel
consumption
VEHICLE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
• For the smooth and effective running of
transport operation, vehicle maintenance
management is a mandatory:
• Technical maintenance is classified into two
• Preventive maintenance is a light
maintenance work with schedule. It should be
also known that the truck will be out of
operation for the purpose of programmed
services inspection and maintenance
CONT…
• Corrective repair(unscheduled): Is
maintenance due to accident or breakdowns.
• To record the breakdowns for the corrective
maintenance, the breakdown follow–up form
should be filled carefully and provided to
Equipment and Vehicle Maintenance Division.
• If the frequency of breakdown is very high the
form should be supported by detailed
recommendations
CONT…
• Corrective (Unscheduled Repairs) - Types of Maintenance and Level
• The breakdown maintenance of trucks is classified in to two:
• Minor Repairs or Maintenance
• Dominates in line maintenance.
• The activity is mostly inspection and components replacement.
• Maintenance tools are simple and no need of special training for the
mechanics.
• As compared to other maintenance types, this maintenance type
performs majority of maintenance works.
• Most line or general maintenances are done by minor repair.
CONT…
• General Line Maintenance
• In addition to the preventive maintenance stated above,
the following minor corrective maintenance or repairs are
also expected to be carried out at this level and in the line
maintenance bays or workshops of transport company
• Engine
• ii. Clutch and Drive System
• iii. Steering and Suspension
• iv. Brake System
• vi. Miscellaneous
• v. Electrical System
CONT
• 2)Major Repairs or Maintenances
• Includes complete maintenance levels with complete
and technologically advanced maintenance
equipments for further renewal mostly because of
the ending of the service time.
• Needs an efficient plan of costs and availability of
components in advance.
• Requires a workshop furnished with equipments,
precision special tools and instruments not available
MAINTENANCE TIME STANDARD
• Maintenance standard time is very important
for planning, for allocation of budget, man
power and for others.
• Therefore for overall maintenance, services,
inspection and for labour, the existence of
permanent standard is vital.
CONT…
• Measurement standard has three major
classifications:
• Ideal standard: The maximum plan should be
equal to the result
• Currently attainable standard: establishment
based on the existing scenario
• Historical standard: bases from the last
experiences and records
CONT…
• The major maintenance parts from each truck body are:
• Electric system,
• Fuel system,
• Preventive maintenance,
• Brake system,
• Transmission,
• Machining
CONT…
• Parts and Components Returning and
Recycling System
• The used spare parts should be collected
from any places and stations to the store.
After the parts be handed over to the store,
the process of recycling should be performed.
• Mostly the cost estimation of maintained
spare part is 80% of the new one
CONT…
• For instance oil filter of 10,000 km service;
because if the place where the truck
scheduled has no difficulties such as mud or
dust, it may not be simply affected. Due to
this opportunity, it can be reassembled
through the confirmation of the Technique and
elongate for additional service km, 5000 or
10,000.
• Therefore, by recycling and maintaining spare
parts, the experiences indicated that about
IN BOUND INSPECTION
• In bound trucks in the Company should be
always inspected by at least two mechanics
which have full knowledge about truck body:
• Check the nut if it is unfastened or loose in all
parts
• Check tightly fastening of the nuts of movable
parts around the wheel of the truck.
• Check the tear or break down of engine support
CONT…
• Take visual observations of fuel, motor oil,
frane oil, air frane if it is leaking etc by using
screw drivers.
• If the observed problems are not solved the
truck should be inspected by driving it, then
by filling and signing on the card, the truck
should be hand over to Maintenance Control
Section
• Thank You!!!