STERILIZATION AND Click to DISINFECTION edit Master subtitle style

DUR-E-SHAHWAR BP 0750037

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STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION

DEFINITION
Sterilization is a process by which we

destroy all types of micro organisms including their spores, vegetative cells and resistant bodies.
Disinfection is a process by which we

remove all types of microorganisms but spores remain alive, only vegetative cells 04/06/2010 04/06/2010 Computer are killed. Computer assignment !!!

METHODS OF STERILIZATION
Sterilization is performed by three different

methods.

v by means of heat. v By means of radiation. v By means of filtration. if any organism is heat sensitive then

radiation and filtration can be done.

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I. BY MEANS OF HEAT
Heating

method depends material to be sterilized.

upon

the

For example; surgical instruments. Heating method can be further classified

as; 1. dry heat method 2. moist heat method

v If we have to sterilize the powder then it

can be sterilize by dry heat process.

04/06/2010 04/06/2010 Computer assignment !!! Computer v Glycerin is also sterilized by dry heat.

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DRY HEAT AND MOIST HEAT

DRY HEAT:
Dry heat brings about oxidation of the protein. It can be further classified as;
q direct heating q hot air oven q incineration
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DRY HEAT METHODS

1. DIRECT HEATING :
if we want to sterilize needle or forceps than they have special wired loops which on heating become red hot and indicate that the substance is sterilized.

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2. HOT AIR OVEN :

This is an equipment used for dry heat. We use a temperature of 150 to 160 C for 1 hour. All those substances which are not destroyed on this temperature are sterilized by this method. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING : It is a double walled chamber with perforated trays. At the back of equipment fan is present. It has a knob regulate and 04/06/2010 04/06/2010 toComputer assignmenttemperature Computer !!!

Contd.
Trays are perforated so that air can circulate.

Fan given to circulate air or only the source of heat will get hot not the oven.

Hot air oven

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INCINERATION
Incineration means burning. We get the

instrument incinerate. Its used in majority of the hospitals. It destroys all the pathological material or toxic or infected material.
Example; canola , syringes and bacterial

cultures.

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MOIST HEAT :
Moist heat brings about coagulation of

proteins.
2

methods conditions.

are

available

under

wet

1. Fractional sterilization 2. Autoclave.

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FRACTIONAL STERILIZATION
John tinder was the first who used this

method, so the process is called as tinderization or fractional distillation because we are sterilizing in fractions and not in one go.

PROCEDURE:

we have to rise temperature of about to about 60-80 C for 30 min. Vegetative cells get destroy at 60C but spores remain alive but in sterilization spores have to be dead and then we have to incubate. During incubation sporesComputer !!! will germinate and forms 04/06/2010 04/06/2010 Computer assignment

AUTOCLAVE
Similar to pressure cooker. Another name of this instrument is steam

under pressure. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING:

o The instrument is double walled. o There is a pressure cage having needle

which tells pressure. Needle can be adjusted so temperature can be controlled. open so assignment !!! Computer that steam and air can Computer

o It also have timer and air vent which

remains 04/06/2010 04/06/2010

Contd...
o At 15 lbs a temperature of 121C is

achieved and expanded time is 15min

o There will be a ring or bell after 15min and

the autoclave automatically stops.

o Only those subs can be sterilize in which

they have no effect of moisture.

o If we want to sterilize media like water we

use autoclave.
o No evaporation takes place in auto clave.
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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIO N

AUTOCLA VE

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ii. BY MEANS OF RADIATION

All the heat sensitive materials specially

solids can be sterilized by radiation.

All All

cells are susceptible to heat and radiation. radiations are harmful for living organism because they target nucleic acid.

Radiations are harmful and carcinogenic so

if we have to sterilize material in small quantity, we use sterilizers that have cobalt as source of 04/06/2010 60 Computer assignment !!! radiation. They 04/06/2010 Computer

FACTORS RADIATION
There

AFFECTING
factors that affect

are radiation:

certain

PRESENCE OF OXYGEN:
It retards killing of organism so its important that

oxygen should not be present during radiation.

PRESENCE OF MOISTURE:
This will elongate the duration of process.

PRESENCE OF ORGANIC MATERIAL:

oily substance microorganism. Computer !!! 04/06/2010 04/06/2010 Computer assignment
Specially

will

protect

USES OF RADIATIONS

* Radiations * Food

are used to sterilize medical instruments materials, antibiotics, hormones, enzymes, medical devices are sterilized by radiation. E.g. ; syringes, dialysis bag, plastic lining and bandages also as bandages are destroyed by hot air oven. and this

transplantation, bones cartilages are also sterilized by 04/06/2010 04/06/2010 Computer method. Computer assignment !!!

* During

FILTERATION
It

is also called as cold because heat is not used.

sterilization

It is used for heat sensitive liquid but its

not useful on clinical sites since its not very safe. viruses.

Bacterial filters retain all organism but Its safe for pharmaceutical purposes since

viruses never grow on non living materials.

04/06/2010 used 04/06/2010 Computer assignment !!! Its for sterilizing Computer

parenteral

DISADVANTAGES OF FILTERATION
It cant be used on clinical sites since

viruses can pass. if present.

Pyrogens and toxins can also pass through The process is carried out by skilled

personal because we have to exert a pressure since the spores are so small, they are not affected by gravity, moreover excess pressure may break it.

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When liquid that is filtered is Computer assignment !!! Computer

to be

WORKING OF FILTERATION
1. Sterilize the whole filtration assembly. 2. Transfer the liquid very carefully into the

assembly.

3. After filtration, transfer the liquid from it

under aseptic condition.

4. Perform sterility test.

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Ethylene oxide is a non toxic gas used for

ETHYLENE OXIDE AND FORMALINE GAS

sterilizing heat sensitive equipment medical devices. has pungent smell.

and

Formaline is some what toxic and irritating, It can also be used but not that preferable. It is used to sterilize syringe and plastics Formaline

is the formaldehyde( liquid)

gas

form

of

04/06/2010 04/06/2010 Computer assignment !!! Computer Formaldehyde is used as preservatives.

How do we confirm that sterilization has taken place ???

We have to confirm that microorganisms

have been eliminated by TWO methods;

BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Keep

the spores of different bacteria (available in small packets commercially) on the instrument we want to sterilize.

If we are using autoclave method, we will

keep the instrument along with spores and 04/06/2010 04/06/2010 Computer inoculate inComputer assignment !!! . a suitable media

Contd.
Check whether there is growth or not. If sterilization has taken place

then the spores will be destroyed and there will be no growth. In autoclave we use bacillus stereo thermophilus. Its growth starts on 40 C.

CHEMICAL PROCESS
By exposure of

temperature color of 04/06/2010 04/06/2010 Computer Computer chemical changesassignment !!! to green from red

Contd..
If color reaches green then it shows that

required temperature is maintained and sterilization has taken place.

If orange color appears then it shows

temperature has changed but not the required temperature and sterilization will not take place.

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CONCLUSION
HENCE we conclude that ;

Disinfection is the elimination of pathogens, except spores, from inanimate object.

Sterilization is the total elimination

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of all microorganisms including spores Computer assignment !!! Computer

THANK YOU
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QUESTIONS
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