DNS and Directory

Servers
Module 6

1
 Module 6 Agenda

➢ DNS
➢ Packages 📦
➢ bind9
➢ Directory Servers

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University

2
Domain Name
System (DNS)
Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 3
 Domain Name System
(DNS)
Warm-up Video time:
- Hey! Welcome to module six, where we will be covering
the topic of DNS. We’ll learn about its role within the
larger internet and how to set up our own DNS server
during the activity.
- Before you proceed in this slideshow, watch the
following video talking about DNS up to the 2:30 minute
mark. Video (
[Link]
- The “PowerCert” YouTube channel always has great IT-
related content.

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 4

 Domain Name Systems
(DNS)
- As you’ve seen, computers operated through
numbers.
- The most important numbers on the Internet are IP
addresses.
- Web addresses like [Link]. are just
translated version of IP address, so human can
easily remember them.
- When you type a domain name
([Link]) into your search bar, your
computer goes to work in translating it into its IP
address.
Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 5
 Domain Name Systems
(DNS)
- The Domain Name System (DNS)
converts domain names (i.e. [Link].)
into IP addresses.
- Think of the DNS as a telephone directory for
the internet. It is used to map a name to its IP
address.
- DNS is composed of what are called name servers.
- Resolving name servers (internet providers)
- Root name servers
- Authoritative name servers

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 6

 Domain Name Systems
(DNS)
- Resolving Name Servers
- The first step of DNS.
- After searching the domain name, it is sent to the
resolving name server. This is normally your internet
provider
- Your internet provided has a list of frequently searched
domains and their IP addresses in storage. This list is
called a cache.
- If the resolving name server does not have the domain
name and its IP address stored in its cashe, it calls the
root name server.

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 7

 Domain Name Systems
(DNS)
- Root Name Servers
- DNS then works backwards in translating the domain
name to its IP address.
- The domain name ([Link]) is sent to the root
servers.
- Root servers stores the top level domains (TLD).
- TLD’s are website suffixes (.com, .edu, .gov, .org, etc.)
- The root server guides the DNS to where the TLD name
server is located.

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 8

 Domain Name Systems
(DNS)
- Authoritative Name Servers
- The TDL name server stores all the informations for the
domain names of a certain web suffix
(.com, .edu, .gov, .org, etc.)
- This information leads the DNS in finding the
authoritative name servers.
- The authoritative name servers are usually the domain
providers.
- It stores the complete IP address for the specific domain
name.
- The IP address is then sent back to the OS to start
downloading.

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 9

Packages 📦
Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 10
 Packages 📦
What are Packages?
- In essence, packages in Linux are small programs that help us
manage other programs.
- Packages help us install, remove and update software
within our Linux machine.
- Dealing with packages may seem a bit tedious, but they
actually save us a lot of time and headaches. Rather than
resorting to doing this manually, packages do it for us.
- The syntax of a lot of these commands will look familiar to
you, especially the keyword “apt”. This is because Kali Linux
uses the “apt” package manager.

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 11

 Packages 📦
- Package Manager:
- accesses, installs, updates, and removes software.
- some certain package manager comes already installed
in each and every Linu
- Package Commands:
- apt install <package>
- installs a specific package
- apt remove <package>
- removes binaries from specific packages while keeping the
configuration files

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 12

 Packages 📦
- Package Commands:
- apt purge <package>
- removes everything in a specific package
- apt autoremove
- removes automatically installed packages that do not support
the dependencies of the current package
- apt update
- updates the package database
- apt upgrade
- upgrades packages to the latest version in the package database

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 13

 Packages 📦
- Package Commands:
- apt full-upgrade
- upgrades installed packages and removes any that interfere with
the whole system upgrade
- apt search <package>
- searches package names and their package database
descriptions
- apt show <package>
- shows information about a specific package

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 14

 Packages 📦
Why do Packages matter?
- Two important package-related commands are sudo
apt update and sudo apt full-upgrade
- They are important because sometimes you might not see
the results of a system configuration until you execute
these commands and restart your computer.
- These two commands also help the user keep programs
and as a result your computer as a whole, up-to-date.
-Keeping your system updated is critical for patching up
old bugs or flaws that you or the package author may have
introduced.

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 15

 Packages 📦
- Package Integrity:
- To insure a package has not been tampered with we can
install the command debsums.
- sudo apt install debsums
- When you run the command debsum_init, it will
create hash files for packages.
- As a class, use the man command to determine how to
output changed files.
- This command should not output any files if they have not been
tampered with.

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 16

bind9
Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 17
 bind9
What is it?
-bind9 is a tool used to set up and manage a
domain name server.
- bind9 is the latest version of the software
program.
- In Activity 1, this program will contain files to help
configure your DNS forward and reverse lookup
zones

18
Directory Servers
Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 19
 Directory Servers
- A directory service is a collection of softwares
that store information about clients.
- Examples:
- Domain Name Systems (DNS)
- Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
- Directory services are provided by directory servers.
- Directory servers are the maps of
information.
- Directory servers can store anything from IP addresses, to
names, emails, dates, and numbers.

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 20

 Directory Servers
Important terms:
- Hierarchical naming model: used to
store the directory information. (mapping)

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 21

 Directory Servers
Important terms:
- Replication: directories are copied on more
than one server.
- Makes information for accessible, and it is a backup for
server failure
- Schema: the type of information that can be
store in a directory
- Most of the time it is extendable (new types of data can
be added in)

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 22

 Directory Servers
Quick video for understanding…

[Link]
Copyright 2021 Iowa State University 23
 To Do
❏ Complete Activity One
❏ Catch up on past assignments
❏ Have some fun with the provided cyber
security games! (on the outline)

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University

24
 End of Module 6!
What questions do you have?

Next Module Topic:

Active Directory and Email!

Copyright 2021 Iowa State University

25
 Questions?
Contact Innovate-IT support staff!

email:
innovate_it@[Link]

Your school’s IP-Range can be found at:

[Link]

26