Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Subject : Signals and Digital Signal Processing
(BEE502)
Module 1
Introduction to Signals
Overview of Presentation
• Objective of the Module.
• Introduction: Definitions of a Signal and a System.
• Classification of Signals.
• Basic Operations on Signals.
• Basic Elementary Signals.
• Basic Elementary Signals.
• Time-domain representations for LTI systems:
Convolution.
• Convolution Sum and Convolution Integral.
• Properties of impulse response representation.
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Objective of the Module.
To study the classification of signals.
To study the operation on signals.
To study the types of signal.
To study the properties of a system.
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Introduction: Definitions of a Signal and a
System
• A signal is a function representing a physical
quantity or variable, and typically it contains
information about the behavior or nature of the
phenomenon.
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A system is a mathematical model of a
physical process that relates the input (or
excitation) signal to the output (or response)
signal
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Classification of Signals
• Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
A signal x(t) is a continuous-time signal if ‘t’ is a
continuous variable
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• Discrete-time signal is defined at discrete times,
a discrete-time signal is often identified as a
sequence of numbers, denoted by {x,) or x[n],
where n = integer
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Deterministic and Random
Signals
• Deterministic signals are those
signals whose values are
completely specified for any
given time. Thus, a deterministic
signal can be modeled by a
known function of time ‘t’.
• Random signals are those
signals that take random
values at any given time and
must be characterized
statistically.
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Even and Odd Signals
A signal x( t ) or x[n] is referred to as an even
signal if
x (- t) = x(t) or x [-n] = x [n]
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A signal x( t ) or x[n] is referred to as an odd
signal if
x(-t) = - x(t) or x[- n] = - x[n]
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• Periodic and Non-periodic Signals
• A continuous-time signal x( t ) is said to be periodic with period T if
𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑥(𝑡) for − ∞ < 𝑡 < ∞
there is a positive nonzero value of T.
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Energy and Power Signals
A signal is said to be an energy signal if and only
if its total energy E is finite, i.e., 0 < 𝐸 < ∞. For
an energy signal, the average power P = 0. The
nonperiodic signals are the examples of energy
signals.
A signal is said to be a power signal if its average
power P is finite, i.e., 0 < 𝑃 < ∞. For a power
signal, the total energy E = ∞. The periodic
signals are the examples of power signals. 12
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Basic Operations on signals
The operations performed on signals can be
broadly classified into two kinds
• Operations on dependent variables
• Operations on independent variables
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Operations on dependent variables
• Amplitude scaling
Amplitude scaling of a signal x(t), results in
amplification of x(t) if a >1, and attenuation if a
<1.
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Addition
• The addition of signals is given by equation
below.
y(t) = x1(t) + x2 (t)
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Multiplication
• The multiplication of signals is given by
y(t) = x1(t).x2 (t)
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Differentiation
• The differentiation of signals is given by the
equation below for the continuous.
• The operation of differentiation gives the rate at
which the signal changes with respect to time,
and can be computed using the following
equation, with Δt being a small interval of time.
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Operations on independent variables
Time scaling
• Time scaling operation is given by equation,
y(t)=x(at)
This operation results in expansion in time for a<1
and compression in time for a>1, as evident
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Time reflection
• Time reflection is given by equation ,
y(t)= x(−t)
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Time shifting
• The equation representing time shifting is given
by equation (1.28), and example of this operation
y(t) = x(t –t0) and y(t)=x(t+t0)
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Elementary Signals
Exponential signals:
• The exponential signal given by equation, is a
monotonically increasing function if a> 0, and a<0
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• The sinusoidal signal:
The sinusoidal continuous time periodic signal is
given
x(t) = Asin(2π ft)
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The complex exponential:
We now represent the complex exponential using
the Euler’s identity
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The unit impulse:
• The unit impulse usually represented as δ (t) ,
also known as the dirac delta function, is given
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The unit step:
The unit step function, usually represented as
u(t) , is given by,
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The signum function:
• The signum function, usually represented as
sgn(t) , is given by
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Properties of System
• Stability
• Memory
• Causality
• Inevitability
• Linearity
• Time invariance
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Outcomes
Knowledge on classification of signals.
Learnt the basic operation on signals.
Knowledge on types of signals.
Understand the properties of system.
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