MOMENTUM
, IMPULSE &
COLLISION
MOMENTUM &
IMPULSE
Let's assume there's a car speeding toward you, out
of control without its brakes, at a speed of 27 m/s
(60 mph). Can you stop it by standing in front of it
and holding out your hand?
Unless you're Superman, you probably don't want to
try stopping a moving car by holding out your hand.
It's too big, and it's moving way too fast.
MOMENTUM
Things we need to consider in defining momentum:
The object has a mass.
The object is moving.
Any moving object with a quantity of matter has
momentum.
Momentum simply means mass in motion.
Mathematically, it is expressed as:
Where:
p is the momentum in kg.m/s
m is the mass of the moving object in kilogram (kg)
v refers to velocity of the moving object in m/s
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the momentum of a bumper car if it has a total mass of 280 kg and
a velocity of 3.2 m/s.
Given : Solution:
p= ? p= mv
) p= 896 kg ⋅ m/s
m= 280 p= (280 kg) (3.2 m/s
kg
v= 3.2
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A car has a velocity of 20 m/sec and its momentum is 1500 kg⋅m/s.
Find the mass of the car.
Given : Solution:
p= 1500 kg⋅ m= p ÷ v
m/s v= 20 m= 1500 kg⋅m/s) ÷(20
m/sec m=? m/sec)
m= 75 kg
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The momentum of a second bumper car is 675 kg⋅m/s. What is its
velocity if its total mass is 30 0 kg?
Given : Solution:
p= 675 kg⋅ v= p ÷ m
m/s m= 300 v= (675 kg⋅m/s)÷ (300
kg kg)
v= ? v= 2.25 m/s
Try This!
1. What is the momentum of a 2 0 kg boy running north at
2 m/s?
2. A beach ball is rolling in a straight line towards
you at a speed of 0.5 m/s. Its momentum is 0.25 kg.
m/s. What is the mass of the beach ball?
3. A 0.5 kg ball has a momentum of 0.05 kg.m/s to
the left. What is its velocity?
WHAT IS THE MOMENTUM OF
AN OBJECT THAT IS NOT
MOVING?
If any object of any mass is not moving, it has zero
What do you think will happen to
the bus after if it passes along a
curvy road?
A. it will slow down
B. it will speed up
C. its velocity will not change
What can you say about the mass of
the bus?
A. it increases
B. it decreases
C. it does not change at all
IMPULSE
When the object slows down or moves faster, its
velocity decreases or increases. If there is a change in the
velocity or the mass of an object, there is also a change
in momentum. And that change of momentum is called
IMPULSE.
Impulse = Change in momentum
I = Δp
IMPULSE
Impulse is equal to the net force on the object
times the ti me period over which this force is applied.
I = Ft
I - is the impulse
F - is the applied force
t- is the elapsed time
Body change their momentum through collisions.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
What is the impulse imparted by a rocket
that exerts 4.8 N for 1.63 seconds?
Given:
F = 4.8 N I = Ft
t = 1.63 s I = (4.8 N)(1.63 s)
I=? I = 7.82 N.s
SAMPLE PROBLEM
For what time must you exert a force of
to get an impulse of 16 kg.m/s?
Given:
F=
t=?
I = 16 kg.m/s
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 0.2 kg baseball is thrown, and it takes 0.05 seconds for the
pitcher's hand to apply a force to accelerate the ball. Calculate the
force exerted by the pitcher's hand to achieve an impulse of 4 N·s
on the baseball.
Given: Solution:
F=?
t = 0.05 s
I = 4 N·s
Learning
Check
1 .What is the impulse imparted by a rocket that exerts
3.9 N for 2.6 seconds?
2. For what time must you exert a force of 5 0 kg
m / s ² to get an impulse of 12 kg. m/s?
3. A soccer player kicks a ball with an impulse of 15
N·s. If the contact time between the player's foot
and the ball is 0.1 seconds, what force was exerted
on the ball during the kick?
COLLISION
Change in momentum is caused by collisions.
Collision is an encounter between two
bodies resulting in exchange of impulse
and momentum.
Elastic Collision- one in which the total
kinetic energy of the system does not
change and colliding objects bounce off
after collision.
COLLISION
ELASTIC COLLISION
• one in which the total kinetic energy of the system does not
change and colliding objects bounce off after collision.
• In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved.
Examples:
• Bouncing a rubber ball – when you drop a rubber ball on the
floor, it bounces back almost to its original height.
• Billiard balls hitting each other – the balls collide and bounce
apart with little loss of energy.
COLLISION
INELASTIC COLLISION
• one in which the total kinetic energy of the system changes
(converted to some other form of energy). Objects that stick
together after collision is said to be perfectly inelastic.
• In an inelastic collision, only momentum is conserved — kinetic
energy is not (some is lost as heat, sound, or deformation).
Examples:
• Car crash – when two cars collide, they crumple and produce
heat and sound; they might even stick together.
• Clay or mud hitting the ground – the object doesn’t bounce but
sticks, losing kinetic energy.
LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
Newton’s third law of motion states that an object exerts force on
the other, the other object also exerts force towards it with equal
magnitude. Suppose two cars with different masses collide with
each other. During collision, the two cars gained the same
momentum but moved in opposite direction. Since the cars have
different masses, they will accelerate differently as stated in
Newton’s second law of motion.
LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
In all collisions, momentum is conserved. Whether the collision
is elastic or inelastic momentum does not change before
and after collision.
This is because of the law of conservation.
LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
The law of conservation of momentum states that:
when the two objects in an isolated system collide, the
total momentum of the objects before the collision is
equal to the total momentum of the objects after the
collision.
A system is a group of objects th
interact and effect each other.
Bowling ball and pin Two football players
LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
• When the cue ball hits the target ball, momentum
is transferred.
• The momentum gained by the target ball is just
equal to the momentum lost by the cue ball
during collision.
• No momentum is lost or gained in the system.
MATHEMATICALLY IT
EXPRESSED AS:
P before = P after
where,
P before is the momentum before collision
P after is the momentum after collision
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
EQUATION TO BE USED:
MOMENTUM
m1 = is the mass of the first object
m2 = is the mass of the second object
u1 = velocity of the first object before collision
u2 = velocity of the second object before collision
v1 = velocity of the first object after collision
v2 = velocity of the second object after collision
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 2 kg cart moving at 3 m/s collides with a stationary 1 kg cart. After the
collision, the 2 kg cart slows down to 1 m/s.
Find the velocity of the 1 kg cart after the collision.
Given: Formula:
m1 = 2 kg
m2 = 1 kg Solution:
u1 = 3 m/s
u2 = 0 m/s
v1 = 1 m/s
v2 = ?
The 1 kg cart moves at 4 m/s after the collision.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 400 kg motorcycle is moving at a speed of 40 m/s when it collides
with a 100 kg cart that is at rest beside the road. After the collision, the
motorcycle slows down to 20 m/s.
Find the following:
a. Momentum of the motorcycle before it collides
b. Momentum of the motorcycle after it collides
c. Momentum of the cart before it collides
d. Momentum of the cart after it collides
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 400 kg motorcycle is moving at a speed of 40 m/s when it collides
with a 100 kg cart that is at rest beside the road. After the collision, the
motorcycle slows down to 20 m/s.
Formula:
Given:
Solution:
m1 = 400 kg
m2 = 100 kg
u1 = 40 m/s
u2 = 0 m/s
v1 = 20 m/s
v2 = ?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 400 kg motorcycle is moving at a speed of 40 m/s when it collides
with a 100 kg cart that is at rest beside the road. After the collision, the
motorcycle slows down to 20 m/s.
a. Momentum of the motorcycle before it collides
Formula:
Given:
m1 = 400 kg
Solution:
m2 = 100 kg
u1 = 40 m/s
b. Momentum of motorcycle after it collides
u2 = 0 m/s
Formula:
v1 = 20 m/s
v2 = 80 m/s Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 400 kg motorcycle is moving at a speed of 40 m/s when it collides
with a 100 kg cart that is at rest beside the road. After the collision, the
motorcycle slows down to 20 m/s.
[Link] of the cart before collision
Formula:
Given:
m1 = 400 kg
Solution:
m2 = 100 kg
u1 = 40 m/s
b. Momentum of motorcycle after it collides
u2 = 0 m/s
Formula:
v1 = 20 m/s
v2 = 80 m/s Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM