Chapter Objectives
Understand the concept of normal and shear strain
Apply the concept to determine the strains for various
types of problems
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Deformation
• When a force is applied to a body, it will
change the body’s shape and size.
• These changes are deformation.
Note the before and after positions of 3 line
segments where the material is subjected
to tension.
NORMAL STRAIN
Normal Strain
• The elongation / contraction of a line
segment per unit of length is referred to as
normal strain.
NORMAL STRAIN
s ' s
avg
s
+ε line elongate
-ε line contracts
s ' s
lim
B A along n s
s' 1 s
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READING QUIZ (cont)
2) What is the unit of strain?
a) mm
b) mm/m
c) Micron
d) no unit
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SHEAR STRAIN
Units
• Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity
since it is a ratio of two lengths.
Shear Strain
• Change in angle between 2 line segments
that were perpendicular to one another
refers to shear strain.
SHEAR STRAIN
nt lim '
2 B A along n
C A along t
θ<90 +shear strain
θ>90 -shear strain
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CARTESIAN STRAIN
• The approximate lengths of the sides
of the parallelepiped are
1 x x 1 y 1 z
y z
• The approximate angles between sides, again originally
defined by the sides Δ x, Δ y and Δ z are
xy yz xz
2 2 2
• Notice that the normal strains cause a change in volume
of rectangular element, whereas the shear strain cause a
change in shape
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CARTESIAN STRAIN (cont)
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CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The rectangular membrane has an unstretched
length L1 and width L2. If the sides are increased
by small amounts ΔL1 and ΔL2, determine the
normal strain along the diagonal AB.
L1 L2 L12 L22
A) B)
L1 L2 L12 L22
C)
L1 L2
D)
L 2
1 L22
L1 L2 L 2
1 L22
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EXAMPLE
Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the dashed shape
shown in Fig. 2–6a. Determine (a) the average normal strain
along the side AB, and (b) the average shear strain in the plate
at A relative to the and y axes.
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EXAMPLE (cont)
Solutions
Part (a)
• Line AB, coincident with the y axis, becomes line after deformation, thus
the length of this line is
AB' 250 2 32 248.018 mm
2
• The average normal strain for AB is therefore
AB avg AB' AB 248.018 250 7.9310 3 mm/mm (Ans)
AB 250
• The negative sign indicates the strain causes a contraction of AB.
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EXAMPLE (cont)
Solutions
Part (b)
• As noted, the once 90° angle BAC between the sides of the plate,
referenced from the x, y axes, changes to θ’ due to the displacement of
B to B’.
• Since xy 2 ' then
xy
is the angle shown in the figure.
• Thus,
3
xy tan 1 0.0121 rad (Ans) 0.6931 degree
250 2
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