[Link] why a coil in the motor turns and explain why it continues to turn?

Opposite sides of the coil will experience opposite forces

The force is experienced due to interaction of the permanent magnetic field with the
magnetic field induced around the current carrying conductor,
The force experienced causes a motion depending on the Flemings left hand rule
The split ring commutator changes current direction.

2. Explain why the current in a rotating coil decreases over time.

Magnetic lines of flux are cut, which results in an emf being induced
the size of the emf increases with speed
lenz's law states that the direction of induced emf is such as to oppose the change that
created it
this opposes the current reducing the average.

3. Outline the atomic process that produce emission spectra.

There are various energy levels around the atom
electrons can drop down energy levels to return to original or ground state
The large energy different gives a large photon energy
E= hf

4. Described the key observations and conclusions from rutherfords alpha scattering
experiment.
Most of the Alpha particles went straight through the gold foil, indicating that the atom
is mostly empty space as the Alpha particle did not get near any matter.
Some Alpha particles was deflected at angles between 10-90,
indicating that there is a charge in the center
very few alpha particles were deflected at angles greater than 90, showing that most of
the atoms is located in a small dense nucleus.

5. Explain what measurement should be taken to investigate whether momentum is

conserved in a Newton's cradle demonstration?
Height of center of ball should be measured using a metre rule in the time taken to fall
through a height to the next ball, measured
speed can be measured using v2 = u2 + 2as.
speed on impact and speed of next ejected sphere measured, this can be found using
a light gate
momentum can then be measured using from p = mu and P before can be compared
to p after.

6. Explain why 2 current carrying conductors attract each other if current is flowing in
the same direction?
Current in wire produces a magnetic field determined using the right-hand rule, each
wire is in the magnetic field of the other wire and the current carrying conductor
experiences a force in a magnetic field. The direction of the force is dependent on
Fleming's left hand rule.

7. Explain the role of electric and magnetic fields in a particle detector.

Electric fields can be used to accelerate charged particles and also deflects charged
particles.
The direction of force indicates the direction of movement of charge
magnetic fields are used to deflect charged particles in a
circular motion
. The provides centripetal force,
the direction of the deflection can indicate the charge of the particle,
the radius of curve can be used to indicate momentum speed and mass of the charged
particles based on the equation r = p/Bq and Bqv = mu2/r

8. Described how direction movement and charge of a particle in the detector can be
determined.
the direction of a magnetic field in a particle detector is always known.
The direction of deflection gives the direction of the centripetal force,
knowing both the force and the magnetic field direction allows you to determine the
direction of flow of charge which will tell you if it is a positive or negative charge using
Fleming's left hand rule.
r = p/Bq

9. Explain how a linac produces a beam of high-speed particles.

• A linac is used to accelerate charged particles
• These charged particles are emitted from an emitter into an electric field.
• While in the electric field an electric charge experiences a force and accelerates into
a drift tube
• While in the drift tube, the direction of the electric field changes due to the
alternating potential difference between the tubes
• As the charged particle emerges, it accelerates across the next drift tube which is
longer as the velocity increases.
• The drift tubes increases in length, but the frequency of alternating potential
difference is constant as the time within each drift tube is constant.

10. Else light mission explain why the emitting new players recoils and why its speed is
small compared to the Alpha particle.
The nucleus and the Alpha particles exerts an equal but opposite force on each other.
The mass of the Alpha particle is smaller than the mass of the nucleus, which means
acceleration of the nucleus is smaller than that of the Alpha particle.
As a result of the force being equal, the change in the velocity of the Alpha particle is a
lot greater than that of the nucleus in the same time.

11. A high energy photon leaving no trace interacts and causes 2 particles to be formed
described with reasons, what can be deduced about the photon and the 2 particles
formed?( raddi are equal move in opposite direction)
Only charged particles leave a trail due to ionisation of the hydrogen, the 2 particles
that are produced are charged as they leave a track,
these 2 particles are oppositely charged because they curve in opposite directions and
it must also conserved charge,
knowing the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the force allows
determination of charge movement due to Fleming's left hand rule,
these particles have an identical curvature on the spirals and follow an identical shape.
This shows that these particles have the same momentum the direction of that
resulted in this 2 particles can be found using the principle of conservation of
momentum.
12. Describe the roles of the electric and magnetic field in cyclotron
In a cyclotron and electric field is applied across the dees to provide a force to a
charged particle. The charged particle will experience a force and accelerate gaining
energy. This electric field is reversed every half cycle while the charged particle is
within a dee
The magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the Dee's. This provides a force on a
moving charged particle which is at right angles to the direction of motion this acts as a
centripetal force and results in a circular motion.

13. Explain the shape of an emf time graph for a magnet attached to a spring going
through a coil.
There is a changing magnetic field causing change in flux linkage within the coil,
this cutting of flux lines induces an emf within the coil, the magnitude of the induced
emf is directly proportional to the rate at which the field lines are cut.
When a magnet is stationary, there is no change in flux linkage, and so the induced
emf is zero
this is also the case for the magnet at maximum displacement
the induced emf depends on the direction of motion of the magnet, the frequency of
oscillation of the magnet matches the frequency of the emf variation.

14. Explain which types of collision (fixed target or colliding beams) can create a
particle with the largest mass.
For a fixed target there is a momentum before the collision, and so there must be a
momentum after the collision, this means
some of the kinetic energy came from the particle, therefore, not all initial kinetic
energy is converted to mass
for colliding beams if the particles have the same mass and speed, then the total initial
momentum is zero, this means the total momentum after the collision must be zero. If
one stationary particle is created, all of the kinetic energy is converted to mass based
on the equation 2m = 2E/c2

15. Describe how you can use 2 light gates, 2 timers, 2 gliders with cards to verify the
law of conservation of momentum.
Measure the mass of each glider as well as the length of each card on the gliders,
the time taken for the car to pass through the light gate is recorded,
velocity can be calculated using length of card divided by time, taken
the law of conservation of momentum, states that the momentum before the collision
is equal to the momentum after the collision.

16. Draw and explain the shape of the graph of emf against time for a bar magnet
falling through a coil connected to a data logger.
The size of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate at which the magnetic
lines of flux are cut
As the magnet falls, it accelerates, increasing its velocity.
The negative value reaches a higher maximum emf as the time for the second pulse is
shorter.
The flux linkage is constant and so the areas of both sections of the graph will be the
same.
The diction of induced emf is such as to oppose the charge that
created it, which is why the direction changes as the magnet leaves the coil.

17. Discribe 2 differences and similarities between a cyclotron and a linac

The similarities between a cyclotron and a line that they both use an electric field to
accelerate the charged particles. The time spent with in dees or drift tube is also
constant, and the increase in velocity only occurs between the Dees or drift tube it
remains constant within them.
The main difference is that a cyclotron uses a magnetic field to give a circular path linac
doesn't use magnetic field. The speed of the particles is handled in different ways. In a
linac the drift tube gets longer, but in a cyclotron, the radius of the path increases.

18. Explain why very high energies are required for experiments at CERN.
high energies are required for particle creation as mass energy is conserved.
High energies are needed for creation of high mass particles because of E = MC^2 and
C^2 is a large multiplying factor.
It is also needed to overcome repulsive forces, there are electrostatic forces of
repulsion between particles of similar charge. High energies are required for this to
allow protons to get closer to each other.

19. 2 metal plates separated by a gap help uniformly distributed electric charge explain
the direction of the field at a point in the middle of these plates due to all charges on
the plate
An electric field shows the direction of the force on a positive
charge.
A positive charge at P is repelled from the top plate and attracted to the bottom plate,
therefore experiencing a downward force components due to each of the charges, the
components parallel to the plate to the left are balanced by the components parallel to
the plate on the right,
the field is perpendicular to the place from positive to negative.

20. Explain using lenz's law how a magnet does work as it enters a coil
Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced SMF is such as to oppose the change
that created it.
This induced current produces a magnetic field to oppose the motion, so there is a
force on the magnet in the opposite direction to its motion.
As work = force x distance work is done as the magnet moves.