Chapter I
Plants and Animals
Their Morphology and Physiology
Plant
Growth & Development
Objectives
In this lesson, the students are expected to:
a. describe plant systems in terms of reproduction,
development, nutrition, gas exchange, and
transport systems;
b. describe examples of homeostasis and the major
features of feedback loops that produce such
homeostasis; and,
Objectives
In this lesson, the students are expected to:
c. explain how organisms maintain steady internal
conditions from specialized structures and
processes.
Reproduction
It is a biological process
by which an organism
reproduces an offspring who
is biologically similar to
the organism.
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Types of Reproduction
Sexual Asexual
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
uses sex cells or gametes. does not make use of gametes
genetic variability genetically similar
relatively slower relatively fast
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Binary Fission
Types of
Asexual Fragmentation
Reproduction
Budding
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Binary Fission
A type of asexual reproduction
involving the division of the body
into two or more equal parts.
• Paramecium, bacteria, amoeba
• Usually single celled organisms
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Budding
A type of asexual
where a new
individual arises as
an outgrowth (bud)
from its parent,
develops organs like
those of the parent
and then detaches
itself.
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Fragmentation
A type of asexual reproduction where
the body breaks into two or more
parts, with each fragment capable of
becoming a complete individual.
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Fragmentation
In animals, fragmentation is usually
followed by regeneration where the
missing parts are produced.
- mitotic cell division
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Plant
Reproductiv
e Organ
Ovule
Hibiscus rosa-sinenses
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Plant Life
Cycle
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Microsporocyte
Male gametophyte – the microsporangium
in the anther contains numerous
microsporocytes.
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Microsporocyte
• Each microsporocyte will undergo
meiosis to produce four haploid
microspores.
• Each microspore develops into a
pollen grain (containing two sperm
nuclei and one tube nucleus).
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Megasporocyte
Female gametophyte – the megasporangium
in the ovule contains numerous
megasporocytes.
One megasporocyte will undergo meiosis
to produce four haploid megaspores.
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Pollination
transfer of pollen grain from the
anther to the stigma
• animal-aided or wind-aided
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Double
Fertilization
Inside a pollen grain, there is a tube
cell and a generative cell.
The generative cell divides to produce
two sperm cells while the tube cell
becomes a pollen tube.
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Embryo
Development
Ovary matures into the fruit while the
ovule becomes the seed.
• The seed may become dormant for some
time.
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Seed Germination
and Growth
• Seed undergoes inhibition to break
dormancy.
• Nutrients stored in the endosperm or
cotyledons are digested and
transferred to the growing regions
of the embryo to primary meristems
(protoderm, ground meristem,
procambium).
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Seed Germination
and Growth
• Radicle emerges to plumule, breaks
through the soil surface.
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Organization of the
Plant Body
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Types of
Plant Tissues
Roots, stems, leaves, and flowers – all
plant organs consist of simple and
complex tissues.
• Simple tissues consist primarily of
one type of cell while complex
tissues have two or more cell types.
Lesson 1.1 Organismal Biology
Plant
Nutrition
& Transport Systems
Nutrition
refers to any substance required for
the growth and maintenance of an
organism.
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Modes of Nutrition
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Autotrophs
• produce their own food
• sunlight or chemical
• plants, chemosynthetic bacteria,
algae
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Heterotrophs
• cannot produce their own food
• obtain energy from other organism
• animals, fungi
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Nutritional Requirement of
Plants
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Essential Elements for Plant Growth
Macronutrients Micronutrients
Carbon Iron
Hydrogen Manganese
Oxygen Boron
Nitrogen Molybdenum
Phosphorus Copper
Potassium Zinc
Calcium Chlorine
Magnessium Nickel
Sulfur Cobalt
Sodium
Silicon
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Elements Function/s in plants
Carbon, Hydrogen, Major constituent of organic plant material; assimilation of
Oxygen oxidation-reduction reactions
Cell wall synthesis; enzymatic reactions and metabolic pathways;
Boron
mitotic activity for root development
Structural component of the cell wall and cell membrane; counter-
Calcium
ion in the vacuole
Water splitting system for photosystem II; stomatal opening
Chlorine
regulation
Elements Function/s in plants
Co-factor for metalloproteins and enzymes; photosynthetic
Copper electron transport; cell wall metabolism and hormone signaling;
oxidative stress response
Regulatory component of proteins and metabolites in roots and
Iron
leaves
Magnesium Chlorophyll synthesis; co-factor in activation of ATPase
Photodestruction of chlorophyll and chloroplast structure; enzyme
Manganese
activator; precursor of amino acid, hormones (auxins), and lignins
Elements Function/s in plants
Enzyme activation (e.g., nitrate reductase, catalase, and
Molybdenum
ribonuclease); chlorophyll synthesis
Endosperm development and dehydrogenase activity; urease
Nickel
activation for urea breakdown; root nodule growth
Nitrogen General plant growth of roots, stem, leaf, flowers, and fruits;
chlorophyll synthesis
Energy transferring process for photosynthesis and respiration
Phosphorus (ADP-ATP synthesis); structural component of phospholipids,
nucleic acids, coenzymes, and nucleotides
Elements Function/s in plants
Cell extension and stomatal regulation; enzyme activation
Potassium (kinase, starch synthase, and nitrate reductase); photosynthetic
activity (e.g., CO2 fixation and pH regulation
Assimilation of oxidation-reduction reactions; participates in
Sulfur various enzymatic processes
Enzymatic function and reactivity; stem elongation; protein and
Zinc
starch synthesis
General Role of Nutrients
[Link] processes/Enzyme activation
[Link] support
[Link] of reactions
[Link] of plant organelles
[Link] and starch synthesis
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Transport Systems
Pipelines of complex vascular tissues
that distribute water and nutrients to
all parts of the plant body.
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Phloem
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Phloem
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Phloem
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Xylem
Lesson 1.2 Organismal Biology
Plant
Feedback Mechanisms