Introduction to
Animal Science
BEVERLY R. VALLE
Instructor
AnSci 212_VALLE/2024
What is Animal Science?
Today, it covers domestic
animals including
livestock, poultry,
Study of farm animals companion animals, and
captive animals, such as
those found in zoos
Animals provide food and Animal by-products are
clothing for people, power used as ingredients in
as well as companionship. different consumer
Animals are also used in products from insecticides
medical research to cosmetics.
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Livestock production is an important part of farming in the Philippines.
Supplies of food and clothing
The production of livestock involves selection, breeding, feeding, care,
and marketing of animals.
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Success in raising livestock depends on many factors.
Farmers must have knowledge, skill, and patience.
They must use the results of research by animal
scientists.
Research in animal science is carried on by many state
universities and the Department of Agriculture (DA).
Commercial firms that supply and service the animal
industry
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Animal Domestication
Excess captured animals were confined for a short period of time until they were
needed for food. Thus, captive animals helped ensure a steady food supply for
people.
With domestication of animals came the beginnings of a more settled way of life.
Dogs were domesticated when they accepted food from humans, and in return
they provide guard services, assistance during hunting, and companionship.
Eventually, the animals were bred in captivity, and their offspring became more
docile with each successive generations. Humans select animals with desirable
characteristics and eventually developed breeds.
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Animal Domestication
Cattle
The modern cattle are descendants of
both Bos taurus and Bos indicus.
Bos taurus cattle originated in Europe and
the British Isles while Bos indicus are the
humped Zebu cattle originating in India
and Africa.
Bos indicus were common to tropical
places because of their resistance to some
diseases, parasites, and heat.
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Animal Domestication
Swine
Modern breeds of swine were
derived:
European wild boar (Sus
scrofa)
East Indian pig (Sus vittatus)
The first people to domesticate
swine were Chinese about 4900
BC. In Great Britain was around
800 BC.
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Sheep
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They were among the first animals to be domesticated. They
are shown on Egyptian sculptures dated about 4000 BC.
Sheep have long been used for fiber, meat, and milk. They are
also used by the early people of Europe as well. Spain and
England were the major sheep-producing areas in Europe.
Goat
Goat is believed to be descended from wild goats found in Asia
Minor, Persia, and other countries.
In the New World, Christopher Columbus first brought goats on
his second voyage. Goats are considered multi-purpose
animals because they can be used for meat, fiber, and milk.
Animal Domestication
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Horse
The first domestication of the horse was
probably in Central Asia or Persia before
3000 BC. The use of the horse spread from
there into Europe.
Together with other domestic animals
already mentioned, horse was brought by
Columbus on his second voyage in
1493.
Horses served mainly as pack animals
and for riding, whereas mules provided
power for plowing and pulling wagons.
Most horses in the United States are used
for riding and racing.
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Animal Domestication
Poultry
The domestication of poultry was recorded at least
3,500 years and the Chinese were raising
chickens as early as 1,400 BC.
The red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) is believed to
be the ancestor of most domestic chickens. Other
wild species may also have been involved in the
development of chickens.
Before 1900, raising poultry was mainly a small
enterprise on the farm. However, as the U.S.
population grew and became more urbanized, it
was not feasible for individuals to produce their
own poultry. Demand grew, and specialized poultry
farms developed.
.
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Animal
Classification
Living things, including
that of animals are
classified according to
the following
categories (from the
broadest to the most
specific) called the
modern taxonomic
system:
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Class Mammalia
Mammals share several distinguishing
characteristics. They have four-chambered
hearts and are warm-blooded, or homeothermic
(they can maintain their own body temperature).
They have a diaphragm that separates the
thoracic, or chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
(that helps them breath more efficiently). Their
bodies are covered with hair. The embryo
develops in the mother’s uterus and the young
are born alive. The mother secretes milk for the
young through the mammary glands.
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Class Aves
Birds fall into the class Aves. They also have
four chambered hearts and are
homeothermic, with a body temperature
slightly higher than that of mammals. Their
bodies are covered with feathers. They have
light, hollow bones and an air-sac system
attached to the lungs. They lay eggs in
which their young develop. Aves have beaks
or bills and gizzards instead of teeth.
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Uses of Domestic
Animals As food source is the main use of animal, in addition to food,
animals are also source of clothing, power, companionship,
guardianship, recreation, and numerous other uses.
• Power was most provided before by animals in developed
Power countries.
• In developing world, animals are still a major source of power.
Leather is produced from hides
Clothing Wool (sheep & goat) and fur (mink, fox, marten and
chinchilla) are used in making coats, gloves, and other
clothing
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Uses of Domestic Animals
As food source is the main use of animal, in addition to food, animals are also source of clothing, power, companionship, guardianship,
recreation, and numerous other uses.
• Horseback riding is a popular recreation
Recreation and activity, other activities include racing, animal
shows, and exhibitions. Companion animals,
Companionship such as cats and dogs, are also highly valued.
• Livestock produce large amounts of manure
and disposal can be a problem. Many
Other Uses producers use manure as fertilizer, it can also
be used as fuel source.
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Edible by-products - gelatin produced from hooves, horns,
bones, and hides.
Fat from animals - cosmetics, waxes, soap, lubricants, and
printing ink.
Bones, horns, and hooves - production of glue, buttons, camera
film, sandpaper, dice, piano keys, wallpaper, and toothbrushes.
Hair from animal hides - brushes, rug padding, house insulation,
and upholstering materials for furniture. Artist’s paint brushes are
made from the fine hair found in the ears of animals.
Insulin has been extracted from the pancreas of animals to treat
human diabetes.
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As food source is the main use of animal, in addition to
Uses of Domestic food, animals are also source of clothing, power,
Animals companionship, guardianship,
numerous other uses.
recreation, and
Food
Monogastric animals such as swine and poultry fed on grains, not
roughages. Like humans, they cannot digest roughages such as grass and
hay.
Ruminants are animals that have four compartments stomach. These
animals regurgitate and chew their feed after they swallow it.
Human obtains its protein, fats (lipids), iron, niacin, and some vitamins
from the meat of ruminants, poultry and swine.
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Uses of Domestic
Animals
Medical Research
• Serve as models to study disease
• Rats are often used to study behavior in
psychology experiments because almost all
disease- linked human genes have
counterparts in the rat, their brains are
larger than mice
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Important Industries of Animal Science
• Livestock and Poultry Production
- These involve the science and
business of producing, processing, and
marketing of meat, dairy goods, eggs, and
animal by-products.
• The science involve selection and
breeding, feeding, training, management
and care, and marketing of animals
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Gamefowl
• a large and growing sector
• gamefowl breeding,
• feed and
• veterinary product production,
• equipment manufacturing,
• cockfighting operations.
• This industry provides
livelihoods for many Filipinos
and is considered a significant
part of the country's rural
economy and cultural heritage
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Companion
animals
• kept for pleasure
and entertainment
Example: Cats and
dogs, reptiles,
amphibians, and
birds are also
becoming popular
as companion
animals.
Exotic (bison,
llamas, ostriches,
and quail) animals
uses:
• non-traditional livestock and
poultry animals which are
used for the production of
food and fiber.
• They comprised of small part
of the total animal industry.
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Captive animals
• These are non-domestic animals
that are kept in zoos and private
parks that include tigers, deer,
raccoons, and other wildlife.
• Animal science includes the
nutrition, care, and welfare of
these animals.
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Scope of Animal Science
• The scope of animal science is
beyond farm
• It is also into pet foods manufacturing
such as cat and dog foods, feed and
feed additives, biological compounds,
and pharmaceuticals (vaccines,
bacterins, and antitoxins).
• Equipment from simple to complex
machineries, supplies, tools, and
related items for animals are big
business.
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Biotechnology
Pharmaceuticals from
animals are also used as
Surgeons often use
Popular because of medicines for disease
animal organs in place of
animal research. control and prevention in
damaged human organs
both humans and other
animals.
The best example is Millions of dollars has
insulin in the treatment of been allocated on
diabetes in humans. research and
Insulin was once development of new
extracted from cattle and products to aid
pigs. humankind.
Animal
Agriculture
Trend here and
Abroad:
Image Credit:Jimmy Smith on
emerging livestock markets: Slide5
AnSci 212_VALLE, BR on Flickr, 2014
Animal
Agriculture
Trend here and
Abroad:
Image Credit:Jimmy Smith on
emerging livestock markets: Slide5
AnSci 212_VALLE, BR on Flickr, 2014
Animal
Agriculture
Trend here and
Abroad:
Image Credit:Jimmy Smith on
emerging livestock markets: Slide5
AnSci 212_VALLE, BR on Flickr, 2014
Animal
Agriculture
Trend here and
Abroad:
Image Credit:Jimmy Smith on
emerging livestock markets: Slide5
AnSci 212_VALLE, BR on Flickr, 2014
Low farm Unaffordable and
Lack of labor
productivity inaccessible credit
The challenges of Limited use of Limited farmland
Undeveloped
manufacturing and
the agriculture technology diversification
export
sector:
Severe
Aging farmers and
deforestation/land Cimate change.
fisherfolk
degradation
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Problems/Issues
• Animal production in the Philippines is
characterized by a mix, or mosaic of
smallholder, semi-intensive and large-scale
livestock enterprises in peri-urban areas.
• With increasing urbanization, there is also a
scaling up of broiler and swine production to
meet food demand from the increasing
human population that are moving towards
urban centers.
• Social conflicts have arisen over the location
of large-scale livestock production close to
residential areas.
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Problems/Issues
Zoning regulations, intended to promote the relocation of
livestock enterprises to remoter, more sparsely inhabited
areas have been generally ineffective.
It is particularly difficult for smallholders to comply with such
regulations, and consequently they are widely ignored.
Small to medium scale production facilities are often located near
human settlement, with obvious adverse consequence for animal and
human health, hygiene, food safety, animal welfare, and the
environment.
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Problems/Issues
It is due to
globalization that
transboundary of outbreaks of Avian
diseases is a Influenza, Rabies
growing concern African Swine
Fever (ASF) which importation of
affected many meat, meat
ASEAN countries products, and
semen
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Animal Rights
• The views of animal rights activists
vary, but most advocate the total
elimination of all animal use by
humans.
• Many animal rights activists think that
animals should have the same rights
as humans.
• Some animal rights groups take a
moderate approach and try to achieve
their goals by influencing legislation,
while other animal rights groups use
violent and illegal tactics.
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Animal Welfare
• Animal welfare supporters emphasize the
humane treatment of animals, both in
research and production agriculture.
• They believe that animals can be used to
benefit humans.
• People who support animal welfare
believe that the use of animals for food
and medical research is essential.
• Most animal producers fall into the animal
welfare category.
• Producers know that well-cared for,
healthy, non-stressed animals perform
best. It is in their best interest to assure
the welfare of their animals.
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Animal Husbandry
Terms
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• Ruminants are animals that eats mainly
forages and ruminates them. They have
four compartments stomach: three
compartments (forestomach), rumen,
reticulum, and omasum before the true
stomach (abomasum). Examples are cattle,
carabao, goat, and sheep.
• Non-ruminants are animals that do not
ruminate, although they can eat forages like
ruminants. They have no forestomach but
only have the true stomach. Examples are
pigs and horse.
• Dam is the general term for a female
parent, while sire is the general term for a
male parent.
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Sucklings are young animals from birth up to weaning. They
suckle milk from their dams.
Weaning is a management practice that separates the young from
its dam.
Weanlings are the animals that is just separated from their dams.
Impotency is failure of an animal to copulate
Sterility is inability of the animal to produce young
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• Prolificacy is the ability of a female to give birth to
offspring frequently or the ability of a female to
produce numerous young at frequent intervals.
• Fertility in females is the ability to produce fertilizable
ova and to provide proper environment for initiating
cell division and embryonic development. In male, this
is the ability to produce large number of sperms
capable of fertilization.
• Fecundity is the ability to produce large number of ova.
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• Conception is the state of the animal after fertilization
and implantation of zygote. This will be followed by
gestation, or pregnancy, where the animal will start
nurturing the zygote into an embryo and then a fetus
inside its uterus. Gestation period varies from one
animal to another. When the fetus is ready to be born,
the animal will proceed to parturition or give birth.
When the young is born, the next state for the dam is
lactation or nursing the young with its milk.
• Cowlicks are small clusters of hair that swirls and is used
to identify cattle and carabao.
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• Cull refers to the animal of low quality thus
undesirable, it will be removed from the group.
• Dubbing is a management practice that removes
the combs or wattle in poultry to make it look
clean.
• Equitition is the art of horseback riding
• Freemartin is a female born as twin with a male
calf, usually sterile.
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• Molting is a natural phenomenon in birds wherein they
shed off to renew their feathers.
• Pedigree refers to a written record of the animal’s
ancestry.
• Ration refers to the amount of feed (be it concentrate
plus forage for ruminants, or solely concentrates for
swine and poultry) that is required to be fed to that
animal in one day.
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• Slaughtering is the process involving fasting, stunning,
bleeding and evisceration (removal of visceral organs).
• Butchering is the process involving splitting of
slaughtered animal to quartering and cutting of the
carcass into retail cuts.
• Meat is properly dressed flesh derived from mature
animals in good condition at the time of slaughter
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Meat and Meat
Products
• Beef meat of ox, 1 year old and above
• Veal meat of ox, less than 1 year old
• Pork meat of pig
• Venison meat of deer
• Mutton meat of sheep, 1 year old and
above
• Lamb meat of sheep, less than 1 year
old
• Chevon meat of goat
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• Horsemeat meat of horse
• Carabeef meat of carabao,
caraveal
• Game meat meat of game animals
(wild hunted
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• Livestock generally stand in their four legs,
The are covered with haircoat.
External • There are two forelimbs, located anteriorly
Anatomy and hindlimbs, located posteriorly.
of • They have tails in the caudal part and most
have horns in the cranial part. Horns are
Domesticat seldom observed in the older animals as
ed Animals they are disbudded or dehorned while
young.
• The basic structures of an animal are the
pair of ears, eyes, a nose, mouth, neck,
brisket, abdomen, shoulder, back, hip, hock
and pastern
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Image Credit: [Link]
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called-anatomy/
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Image Credit: [Link]
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