*
(Asst.
Professor)
1
*Maceration, Purpose and
*Percolation. Purpose and
process.
process
*Liquid – Liquid
extraction.
*Large scale extraction.
2
*It is the process of removal of
soluble material from an insoluble
residue, either liquid or solid, by
treatment with a liquid solvent.
3
*Extraction involves the
of medicinally separation
active of
plant portions
animal tissues
the or
inactiveor from
inert components
using selective
by in
solvents
extraction standard
procedures.
4
*Chea
p *Non
toxic
*Stable
Commonly used
solvents:
*Water
*Ethanol
*
5
*Infusio
*Decoctio
n
n
*Maceratio
n
*Percolatio
n
*Digestion *
6
*Principle:
In this process solid ingredients are
placed in a stoppered container with
the whole of the solvent (Menstrm)
and allowed to stand for a period of at
least 3 days (3 - 7 days) with frequent
agitation, until soluble matter is
dissolved.
The mixture is then strained (through
sieves / nets), the Marc pressed and
the combined
decantation, after liquids clarified (by
filtration)
standing. or by *
7
*Stoppered container is generally
taken to reduce the loss of
solvents by evaporation.
*Ifthe volume of solvent is reduced
by evaporation then the extract
may become concentrated, which
may not be desired.
*
8
*The drug is allowed to stand for few
days
i)To help the solvent to
penetrate the cells of the drugs
ii)To provide the time for
partitioning the active ingredient
into the solvent and
iii)To transfer the drug out of
the cells into the bulk of the
solvent.
*Frequent agitation is required to
*reduce the localized concentration
around the cells and tissues. 9
*The process is normally used for the
preparation of tinctures or extracts
*Menstruum is usually alcoholic,
hydroalcoholic (in case of
tinctures) or may be aqueous.
10
*A wide mouthed bottle or any other containerwhich
can be well stoppered is used for maceration
process.
*A closed container is essential to
prevent the evaporation of
menstruum which is mostly
concentrated alcohol.
*Otherwise this may lead to variation
in strength as no adjustment in
volume is made.
*
11
12
*Water or alcohol is used as
menstruum and the drug menstruum ratio is 1 : 10.
• *The drug is placed with the whole of the menstruum in
a closed vessel for seven days.
•*During this period shaking is done occasionally.
• *After 7 days the liquid is strained and marc is pressed.
• *The expressed liquid is mixed with strained liquid.
•*It is then filtered to make a clear liquid.
•*The final volume is not adjusted.
*
13
*Following tinctures made by
simple maceration process:
*1. Tincture of Orange
*2. Tincture of Lemon
*3. Tincture of Squill
14
*MACERATION WITH
ADJUSTMENT
*MULTIPLE
MACERATION
15
*The process is used for unorganized
drugs e.g. gums and resins
Apparatus: Same as simple maceration.
*Method: In this process the unorganized
drug is placed with 4/5 th of the
menstruum in a closed vessel for a
period of 2-7 days. During this period,
shaking is done occasionally .
*After the stated period, the liquid is
filtered and the volume is made up by
passing the remaining 1 / 5 the of the
menstruum through the filter.
*The m arc is not pressed.
*
16
*Multiple
maceration process is carried
out in the same way as simple
maceration process, but the
menstruum used is divided into two
parts in double maceration process
and three parts in triple maceration
process
*
17
*Tutorial pharmacy by J.S Carter, page
245
*[Link]
18
*
Objectives Lect:2
19
What is Percolation ?
20
Types of percolation
21
*
SIMPLE PERCOLATION
22
Stages of Percolation
23
*
Contd.
24
*
Cont
25
*
Contd.
26
*
Cont
d. 27
*
Cont
d. 28
Exampl
es 29
*
RESERVE
PERCOLATION
*
Cont
d. 31
*
Advanta
ge 32
*
MODIFIED
PERCOLATION 33
REFERENCES 3
4
*
Objectives Lect:3
35
CONTINUOUS
* HOT PERCOLATION PROCESS /
SOXHLET EXTRACTION / SOXHLATION
36
SOXHLET EXTRACTION / SOXHLATION
*
37
38
39
Limitations of continuous hot
percolation proc e ss
4 0
*
EXAMPLES
41
*
DIGESTION
42
*
CONT
D. 43
Extractio Time for Temperatur Characteristics of the
n extraction e active
method constituents
Maceration 3-7 days Room temp Soluble in
the menstruum
Heat stable / unstable
Percolation 24 hours Room temp Soluble in
the menstruum
Heat stable / unstable
Digestio Few days Moderatel Heat stable
y high
Cold or
n Short boiling Readily soluble
water
Boiling water
Infusion period 15 Water soluble
Heat stable
Comparison between extrac4t ion 4
*
Liquid-liquid
Extraction
Liquid-liquid
Extraction
*
Liquid-liquid
Extraction
*
Liquid-liquid
Extraction
REFERENCES 4
9
*
Objectives Lect:4
50
Reasons to modify small scale extractor
to Large scale
51
*
Large Scale Extraction
52
53
*Large Scale
*
Large Scale
Extraction
*
Large Scale
Extraction
57
*
Large Scale
Extraction
*
Large Scale
Extraction
*
Large Scale
Extraction
*
Large Scale
Extraction
*
Large Scale
Extraction
*
Large Scale
Extraction
*
Large Scale
Extraction