Volcanoes
A volcano is formed when hot molten ash and gases escape from an opening in the earths
surface
Lava is outside a volcano and magma is inside
Earthquake
• Earthquake happens when • Epicentre
tectonic plates move against • Seismic waves
each other and causes seismic
waves (vibrations) • focus
• When earthquakes happen
underwater/ under the sea it will
cause tsunamis
Ray diagrams
• Light travels in straight lines When the 1st ray of light which is
• 2 types of light : incident ray and the incident ray goes through a
reflected / refracted ray medium it bends and refract
Asteroids moons and comets
• Asteroid • Comets
• Asteroids are rocky mass • Lump of ice and dirt that only
• Similair to planets but super orbits the edge of the solar
small system
• Moon • Rare to see comets pass through
earth
• Moon orbits around planets
Day and night
• Part of the earth that faces the • Part of the earth that faves away
sun is day from the sun is night
• Sunlight is reflected from the
moon to form moonlight
Shadows
• Shadows are formed when light
cannot pass through opaque
• Object
• Length of shadows change as the
day goes because the sun
changes position
Water as a conducter
• Although water is not a metal it
conducts electricity because the
molecules in water are able to
carry electricity through it
• Water can create electric shocks
• When you touch an electrical
surface with wet hands
Electric shocks
• Since ur body is made of about
60 percent water , electricity
flows through your body easily
Transporting electricity
• Electricity can be generated in • Energy must be generated then
many ways like through nuclear transmitted through electric
wind and solar energy towers and stored in industrial
• The best energy is through hydro batteries
electricity as it does not require
any harmful ways or burning
anything
Life cycle of flowering plants
• Flowering vs Non flowering • Non flowering plants
plants • Non flowering plants are plants
• Flowering plants that do NOT produce flowers
• Flowering plants are plants that • Non flowering plants reproduce
produce flowers with tiny spores
• Flowering plants make seeds
through fertilisation
Parts of a flower
• Stamen : anthers and filament • Stamen is male
• Stigma is a female part of a • Stigma ovary and style is female
flower
• Style is also a female part of a
flower
• Petals are bright and colourful
• Sepal
Pollination
• Adaptations • Pollination by wind
• 1 bright colourful petals • Adaptations
• 2 have a scent • Not brightly coloured petals
• 3 have nectar • NOT scented
• Marks to guide insect to nectar • NO nectar
• Light to fly easily
Seed dispersal
• Dispersed by animals have hooks • Dispersed by exploding
and stick to fur • Seeds dry out and explode
or being dispersed • Dispersed by drop and roll
• Dispersed by water • Heavy round fruits drop and roll
• Seeds with spongy covering to
float on water
• Dispersed by wind
• Thin papery wings and
parachute of hairs
Seed germination
• Seed germination is when a seed • Seed absorbs water and swells
starts to grow into new plants • Seed coat splits
• Seeds need water , correct • First root grows
temperature and air to
germinate • Roots grow down into the soil
the first shoot starts to grow
• Shoot grows up above the
ground
• First leaves grow
• First side roots grow
Volume vs pitch
• Volume • Pitch
• How loud or soft a sound is • Pitch how high or low a sound is
• Big vibration produce loud sound • Fast vibration to produce high
• Small vibration produce quiet pitch
sounds • Slow vibration to produce low
pitch
Changing volume and pitch of sound
• Volume of sound can be • IN a bottle the one filled up the
changed by hitting it harder or most creates the highest pitch
softe because of the lack of space for
• Pitch of sound can be changed air particles so they hit each
in many ways other and cause a fast vibration
Particle model of matter
• Why can gas have higher
pressure?
• Gas can be compressed into a
tight space since there particles
are spread far apart causing high
gas pressure
Solute and solvent and solution
• Solids that can dissolve in water
are called solute
• Liquids in a solution is called
solvent
• Solution is the final product
Human digestive system
• Mouth :chew food with teeth and
saliva
• Oesophagus moves food into the
stomach
• Stomach acid digest food to
produce chyme
• Small intestine absorbs nutrience
• Large intestine absorbs minerals
• Anus is where faeces come out
Friction
• Force between 2 forces
Magnets
• Opposites attract • Magnetic materials
• Like poles repel • Iron nickel cobalt and steel
• Magnetic materials (that are • Non magnetic materials
NOT magnets) are attracted to • Gold silver zinc aluminium
either pole magnesium copper